REGIONAL CHEMISTRY OF LAKES IN MASSACHUSETTS 1

ABSTRACT: We surveyed over 2000 lakes in the State of Massachusetts (1983–1984) to examine the spatial variations in their acid-base chemistry. Our survey differed from previous surveys by including small lakes and nonpristine urban lakes. For samples collected in October 1983 and 1984, the median acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) was 184 μeq L^?1 and 5.9 percent were acidic (ANC≤O). Small lakes (<4 ha) were more likely to be acidic than large lakes. Generally, sulfate was the dominant acidifying agent, although organic anions were dominant in some of the lakes in the Cape Cod Region. The ionic composition of the lakes showed strong regional patterns which appear to be related to geology and human population density. An analysis of variance of ANC shows the six regional categories in the state explain 51 percent of the variance, while a combined general linear model of lake drainage type, color, elevation, size, silica, and hydrogen ion deposition could explain only 4.9 percent of the variation in ANC. Calcium rich, high ionic strength lakes were present in the marble bedrock in the west, and relatively dilute lakes dominated by sodium and chloride were found near the coast. Chloride concentrations were also related to population density, suggesting road salt as a likely contributing source.     

DEFINING REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF LAKES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Topographic maps are commonly used to define populations of lakes in regional surveys of surface water quality. To illustrate the effect of different maps on that process, we compared the lakes represented on the 1:250,000-scale maps used for the Northeast Region of the Eastern Lake Survey—Phase I (ELS-I) to the lakes on a sample of large-scale maps (1:24,000 or 1:62,500). Lake areas at or near the lower limit of representation delimited “smallest-lake” values for the compared 1:250,000-scale maps. The regional median for these values was 4.5 hectares (ha) and ranged from 0.6 to 24.8 ha. Lake representation is influenced by cartographic limitations such as map scale, age, and complexity as well as the inherent variability of waterbodies (e.g., water level fluctuations or the creation of reservoirs, beaver impoundments, and oxbows). The total number of lakes on large-scale maps increased markedly as lake area decreased. Approximately 15,700 of the estimated 29,000 lakes in the EPA's Northeast Region were 1 to 4 ha in area. Because maps affect the size distribution of lakes included in a regional survey and because lake areas are thought to modify lake chemistry, maps ultimately affect the estimates of regional surface water quality.     

Marine lakes of karst islands in Ha Long Bay (Vietnam)

Ha Long Bay in North Vietnam is characterized by karst towers and bigger islands totalling more than 3000 isles. Karst processes carved hundreds of caves out of the limestone and contributed to the formation of many enclosed and semi-enclosed saltwater lakes. Here, we report the results of a general survey of several lakes and the first data on the Hang Du I lake, a small basin devoid of any apparent communication with the surrounding sea. Hang Du I is characterized by the presence of Rhizostomeae, genus Mastigias, suggesting strong similarities with the famous lakes described from the archipelago of Palau. Among the benthic organisms sponges are the most important group. Temperature and abundance of the monsoon rains are the main factors influencing remarkable seasonal variations in physical-chemical parameters and the community structure of the lake. A thermal crisis with water temperatures up to 36 °C was recorded in September 2003. In this period, usually abundant medusae and sea anemones totally disappeared. Sponge populations showed fast growth rates in winter and spring and a partial degeneration to face the harsh conditions of the summer season. When isolated from the surrounding marine environment, the saltwater lakes share the condition of oceanic islands, representing spots of habitats surrounded by a completely different environment. The Ha Long Bay marine lakes are not easy to access, being surrounded by tropical forest, but local people usually exploit them for both fishery and oyster harvesting. There is an urgent need to develop measures of protection for these endangered and unique environments, natural laboratories that facilitate the study of evolution of marine organisms, where biodiversity has been until now totally unexplored.     

围湖垦殖对湖泊调蓄功能的累加效应分析

计算了长湖、洪湖在围垦前后湖泊容量在水位变化时的容量增长率和四个涝灾年份降雨条件下汛期湖泊水位逐日增加值，对四湖流域尚存的18个湖泊的围垦强度与容量损失情况进行了分析。结果发现，围垦后的长湖容量平均增长率、相对增长率、最大增长率分别从1.8436、0.1834、2.4979(10^8m^3/m）减少到了1.4321,0.1802,1.7569(10^8m^3/m0，洪湖容量平均增长率、相对增长率、最大增长率分别从5.8506、0.3000、6.5095(10^8m^3/m）减少到了3.3970、0.2900、3.4440(10^8m^3/m），围垦导致的湖泊容量损失随着水位上升呈加速增加趋势，随着围垦强度的增加呈加速增加趋势，围垦后这两个湖泊在同样降雨条件下的水位逐日增加值都有不同程度的增加且这种增加值随着雨量和围垦强度的增加而增加。18个湖泊容量变化率随着围垦强度的增加而增加且在围垦强度为40％左右时表现出门槛效应。表明围湖垦残对湖泊调蓄功能的影响具有明显的累加效应。从累加效应的角度对四湖流域围湖垦残的合理性和退田还湖问题进行了讨论。     

城市浅水湖泊治理技术初探

随着生态文明建设的发展,城市浅水湖泊在城市环境中的角色日益重要,环境治理需求日益迫切.针对城市浅水湖泊的污染特征进行了概括总结,并对污染来源进行了分析.根据污染特征及因素针对性提出了“外源性污染、内源性污染控制阶段-水体水质改善与生态系统恢复阶段-长效管理阶段”三个阶段的治理思路,并就各阶段常用的治理技术进行了简单介绍,作为城市浅水湖泊治理工作的参考.     

典型城市浅水湖泊沉积物磷原位物理化学控制技术

沉积物磷是受污染的典型城市浅水湖泊中重要的内源磷来源,关于沉积物控制技术的研究近年来受到广泛重视。针对沉积物磷原位处理技术,将其按原位物理技术和原位化学技术两方面进行了分类,并总结了各个类别中各技术的作用特点和研究进展,并对原位处理技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

青藏高原湖泊小流域水体离子组成特征及来源分析

对青藏高原咸水湖蓬错、昂仁金错、打加错,淡水湖打加芒错、达格架温泉及各湖入湖支流阴、阳离子组成进行了分析.咸水湖阴离子以HCO-3、SO2-4为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-SO4-Na和HCO3-Na型水;各湖支流及淡水湖阴离子以HCO-3或SO2-4为主,阳离子以Ca2+或Mg2+为主,属HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca-Mg、HCO3-Mg-Ca、HCO3-SO4-Ca、SO4-HCO3-Ca型水;达格架温泉阴离子以HCO-3为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-Na型水.咸水湖主要受蒸发-结晶作用控制,各湖支流及淡水湖主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,达格架温泉主要受热水-花岗岩作用控制.碳酸盐矿物沉淀时Ca2+优先Mg2+被移除,导致咸水湖具有较高的Mg2+/Ca2+比值.在阳离子组成端元贡献中,碳酸盐岩贡献最大(54%~79%),硅酸盐岩(13%~29%)和蒸发盐岩(4%~23%)次之,大气输入(3%~7%)最小.     

Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir1

Grover, James P., Jason W. Baker, Daniel L. Roelke, and Bryan W. Brooks, 2010. Current Status of Mathematical Models for Population Dynamics of Prymnesium parvum in a Texas Reservoir. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):92-107. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00393.x Abstract: Blooms of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum have apparently increased in frequency in inland waters of the United States, especially in western Texas. A suite of mathematical models was developed based on a chemostat (or continuously stirred tank reactor) framework, and calibrated with data from Lake Granbury, Texas. Inputs included data on flows, salinity, irradiance, temperature, zooplankton grazing, and nutrients. Parameterization incorporated recent laboratory studies relating the specific growth rate of P. parvum to such factors. Models differed in the number of algal populations competing with P. parvum, and whether competition occurred only by consumption of shared nutrients, or additionally through production of an allelopathic chemical by one of the populations, parameterized as cyanobacteria. Uncalibrated models did not reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics of P. parvum in Lake Granbury, which displayed a maximum population in late February during a prolonged bloom in cooler weather, and reduced abundance in summer. Sensitivity analyses suggested two modifications leading to predictions that better resembled observations. The first modification greatly reduces the optimal temperature for growth of P. parvum, an approach that disagrees with laboratory experiments indicating a strong potential for growth at temperatures above 20°C. The second modification increases the growth rate of P. parvum at all temperatures, in models including cyanobacterial allelopathy. Despite these adjustments, calibrated models did not faithfully simulate all features of the seasonal dynamics of P. parvum.     

Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear

Human-mediated dispersal has rarely been considered in wetland conservation strategies at regional scales, yet high concern exists about this aspect for (inter-)national management considering invasive species in other aquatic systems. In this context, we aim at understanding the role of human-mediated dispersal by footwear in protected wetlands with high conservation value. Zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled in 13 shallow lakes in central Spain and, at the same time, mud attached to waders was collected and later cultured in deionized water under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks. Two-hundred and four individuals belonging to 19 invertebrate taxa were recovered after hatching; Ostracoda (84 %), Cladocera (53 %), Copepoda (30 %), Anostraca (30 %), and Notostraca (7 %) were the most frequent groups among the hatched crustaceans. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses showed significant differences between the dispersed (via footwear) and the source active metacommunity, suggesting different dispersal abilities among the species found. Human vectors facilitate dispersal among protected lakes, which could eventuality lead to biotic homogenization and faster spread of non-indigenous species. Preservation strategies and education campaigns associated to target humans in close contact with water bodies should be imperative in conservation management of protected lakes.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0689-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

运用MODIS数据反演洪湖叶绿素a含量业务可行性分析

洪湖是湖北省最大的湖泊,具有调蓄、灌溉、供水、渔业、物种保护、航运、旅游等多种功能,是长江中下游典型的大型浅水型湖泊。传统的设点监测费力、费时,随着遥感技术和手段的进步,遥感反演洪湖叶绿素a浓度成为技术上可能。利用2005年至2010年6年监测数据与同期MODIS数据进行统计分析,研究业务上进行洪湖叶绿素a含量反演的可能性,结果表明：当叶绿素a含量比较高时,它成为影响湖中NDVI指数的主要因素,当浓度较低时,它与NDVI指数相关性差,表明它不是主要要素;通过分析不同时段两者统计关系结果为：12～2月因藻类浓度比较小,叶绿素a浓度低,加上其它要素干扰湖中NDVI指数,监测数据与同期MODIS数据中NDVI指数相关性比较低（也是极显著相关）,其它时间都有较好的相关性（相关系数都高于085）,研究表明：运用MODIS数据中的NDVI指数能准确监测洪湖叶绿素a含量。并提出相应的业务处理流程与方法