ClO2消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水超级耐药基因的影响

为了研究二氧化氯（chlorine dioxide,ClO₂）消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水中超级耐药基因（super antibiotic resistance genes,SARGs）的去除效果,对污水处理厂出水消毒前后的水样进行了全年采集,并采用微孔滤膜正压过滤法及核酸吸附柱-洗脱法分别富集水中细菌和胞外核酸后,利用荧光定量PCR技术对其中的9种SARGs进行定量检测.结果表明,无论是胞内还是胞外核酸,均有NDM-1、MCR-1 和MEC-A被检测出;同时,ClO₂消毒后上述3种SARGs的胞内相对总浓度明显上升（P<0.05）,且ClO₂消毒对胞内SARGs相对浓度的影响与季节有关,其中春季、夏季和秋季均发生上升,且春季升高最为明显,达2倍,而冬季出水在消毒前后均未测出胞内SARGs;胞外SARGs则在ClO₂消毒前后没有明显浓度变化.因此,ClO₂消毒不能有效去除污水处理厂出水中胞内和胞外SARGs污染.     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

Hybrid zeolite-based ion-exchange and sulfur oxidizing denitrification for advanced slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

The discharge of slau ghterhouse wastewater（SWW） is incre asing and its wastewater has to be treated thoroughly to avoid the eutrophication.The hybrid zeolite-based ion-exchange and sulfur autotrophic denitrification（IX-AD） process was developed to advanced treat SWW after traditional secondary biological process.Compared with traditional sulfur oxidizing denitrification（SOD）,this study found that IX-AD column showed:（1） stronger ability to resist NO₃^-pollution load,（2） low...     

不同土壤耕作方式下秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响

在耕翻、少耕和免耕条件下研究了早稻秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响,结果表明,①秸秆还田显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤碱解氮含量的提高体现在水稻生育后期;秸秆还田对土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量的提高效果在免耕条件下最好,而对速效钾含量的提高效果在少耕条件下最好;②不同耕作方式下宜实行不同秸秆还田量,就提高有效磷和速效钾含量而言,耕翻和少耕条件下宜实行全部秸秆还田,而免耕条件下宜实行2/3秸秆还田;③秸秆还田使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,放线菌和好气性细菌数量增加;耕翻使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,好气性细菌数量增加;④土壤耕作有利于晚稻生育前期与后期土壤微生物活度的提高,秸秆还田量对土壤微生物活度的影响在不同耕作方式下表现不同,耕翻条件下以2/3还田量处理的土壤微生物活度最高,而少免耕条件下1/3还田量处理最高.     

全氟化合物对水生植物的生态效应研究Ⅱ——金鱼藻对水中PFOS的生物富集及生理响应

为探究全氟化合物对水生植物的生态效应,选择金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)为受试生物,设定5、100、1 000、10 000、50 000、100 000μg·L-1以及对照共7个PFOS浓度梯度进行水培,分析包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)在内的抗氧化系统酶和细胞色素含量等生理响应特征,并研究金鱼藻对PFOS的生物有效性及富集能力。结果表明:金鱼藻对PFOS的富集量最高可达3 180 mg·kg-1dw,最大富集系数高达40.7倍,可作为PFOS污染水体植物修复的遴选物种。随PFOS浓度升高,SOD活力总体上没有明显变化,但POD活力表现为双重效用,即低浓度促进酶活力积累,而高浓度抑制酶活力积累。CAT活力在低浓度组(0、5、100、1 000μg·L-1),未表现出明显异常,在高浓度组(10 000、50 000、100 000μg·L-1),出现先升高后降低的趋势。色素含量也反应较为敏感,低浓度处理后色素含量升高,高浓度处理则导致色素含量先升高后降低,最高浓度处理下一直处于较低水平,可作为评价PFOS污染水体的生理敏感性指标。     

小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响

以丹江口库区的胡家山小流域为研究区,以资源二号卫星影像图为底图,通过实地调查获取胡家山小流域土地利用图,利用ArcGIS的水文模拟、空间分析模块提取15个集水区,并分析其土地利用结构.根据2008年1～12月各个集水区的出口的总氮、硝态氮浓度的监测数据,定量地分析土地利用结构对氮素输出时空变化的影响.结果表明,胡家山小流域内旱地、居民地对氮素输出起显著源作用,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为0.869、0.856和0.826、0.867.林地、疏林地、草地等对氮素输出起汇作用,其中林地、草地汇作用显著,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为-0.820、-0.851和-0.602、-0.518.土地利用结构是氮素输出空间变化的关键因素,土地利用类型的空间分布使得汇土地利用类型旱地、居民地对小流域氮素输出影响最大;在不同时间尺度上,土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度影响有所不同.年度上,对氮素输出影响最大的是旱地,季节上,春、夏、秋、冬四季对氮素输出影响最大的分别是旱地、居民地、居民地、旱地;土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度的影响受到降雨、气温、人为等因素的作用.     

基于变权灰色云模型的江苏省水环境系统脆弱性评价

水环境系统脆弱性是水资源利用与生态环境研究的热点问题,通过研究水环境系统的内在机理,综合考虑影响水环境系统脆弱性的资源、环境、经济、社会等因素,借助驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）框架构建水环境系统脆弱性评价指标体系。在此基础上,构建基于变权灰色云模型的评价方法,对2004~2014年江苏省水环境系统脆弱性进行评价。结果表明：2004~2014年水环境系统脆弱性指数由47.056提高到63.210,脆弱性等级由“重度脆弱”演化为“中度脆弱”,并长期维持在“中度脆弱的”等级,2014年出现了向“轻度脆弱”状态转变的趋势。分析各个子系统对水环境系统脆弱性影响程度可知,影响子系统和响应子系统对江苏省水环境脆弱性系统的影响程度逐年增加;而压力子系统和管理子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响程度逐年下降;其它子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响维持在一定水平小幅度波动。     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的土地利用多功能性诊断

从经济、社会和生态3个方面出发构建土地利用多功能性评价指标体系,应用熵权TOPSIS模型对江苏省近年来土地利用多功能性进行诊断分析可以优化区域土地的合理开发,提高土地利用效率,为促进区域的可持续发展提供有效依据。研究结果表明：2006~2016年江苏省土地利用综合功能经历了一般—良好的发展阶段,综合功能在不断优化;经济功能经历了较差—一般—良好—优秀—良好的发展阶段,虽然有所波动,但其依旧呈增长态势;社会功能经历了较差—一般—良好—优秀的发展阶段,呈现出持续稳步提高趋势;生态功能经历了一般—良好—一般的发展趋势,整体呈下降趋势。另外土地利用的经济功能和社会功能子目标的障碍度在逐年下降,对目前江苏省土地利用有效性起制约作用的主要是生态功能,应减少废水排放和工业固体废弃物等污染造成的生态破坏,加强水资源的保护,同时缩小城乡差距,推进城乡融合,促进土地利用过程中经济、社会和生态功能的协调发展。     

Carbon trading thickness and market efficiency in a socialist market economy

Unlike the European Union emission trade system (EU ETS), China’s pilot ETSs implemented diversified policy designs instead of using a uniform framework. Variance ratio test is used to evaluate the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in China’s carbon trading markets. The results of two versions of variance ratio tests indicate that the carbon trading market in Hubei is considered weak form efficient, and the socialist market economy does not necessarily lead to market inefficiency in carbon trading markets. Thin trading activities generate market frictions and bias the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) tests.     

H∞ loop-shaping controller design for a grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic system

This paper presents a H_∞ loop-shaping controller for controlling dc-link voltage by regulating the switching signal of the inverter associated with a grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic system. To facilitate a robust control design, state-space realisation of the system model is made with uncertainties represented by linear fractional transformation. The controller is achieved through H_∞ synthesis followed by obtaining desired loop shapes through the choice of the proper weighting functions. The controller order is reduced by Henkel-norm method for facilitating its practical implementation. Controller performance is evaluated through carrying out simulations on MATLAB/Simulink platform under standard and changing atmospheric conditions, and fault condition.