岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物特征研究

为探索岩溶山区农村不同用地类型土壤肥力及微生物活性状况,对青木关地区五种土地利用类型的土壤肥力、微生物数量及其相关性进行了分析.结果表明：（1）岩溶山区土壤微生物数量的变化受人为影响较大,在总体数量上均以细菌为主,且与一般土壤微生物数量分布情况相吻合;（2）不同用地类型土壤中微生物总量与土壤微生物多样性指数二者的变化趋势不一致,但玉米地例外;（3）通过Pearson相关性分析得出,土壤中有机质、全钾、有效钾和有效磷的含量与土壤微生物之间的相互关系显著。     

土地利用变化环境影响的可拓学评价

文章通过引入可拓学理论,对区域土地利用变化的环境影响进行评价。文章把物元模型、可拓集合和关联函数应用于武汉市黄陂区土地利用变化环境影响评价研究,建立黄陂区土地利用变化环境影响评价指标体系,并对土地利用变化的环境影响评价标准化和定级化。通过计算单指标关联度和综合关联度,确定评价体系各指标的影响程度以及综合影响程度,研究结果直观有效,能全面反应区域土地利用环境影响程度。     

基于Agent建模的农户土地利用行为模拟研究——以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例

以Agent强化学习（Reinforcement Learning）模型框架为基础,选择政策、市场、Agent自身及与其它Agent相互作用、土壤肥沃程度等因素作为Agent对环境认识的基础,结合环境反馈值,初步构建了农户土地利用行为决策模型,这对于从微观主体层面揭示土地利用变化的内在机理具有重要意义。论文以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例,采用农户Agent强化学习模型,模拟了农户土地利用行为,得出以下3个结论：①经过对Agent强化学习模型的检验和验证（按面积统计误差率为5.5%）,认为该模型较适合于微观层面农户土地利用行为的研究;②该模型可定量表达政策、市场、农户自身及与其他农户相互作用等因素对农户土地利用行为决策的影响;③与离散函数的土地利用决策相比,应用连续函数表达农户的土地利用决策比较符合实际农户决策状况（农户最终决策中玉米、蔬菜和其它作物的决策值分别为0.3233、0.4035和0.2732）。同时,在文章的最后还分析了需要进一步研究和探讨的问题：①模型在实现农户决策的空间位置方面取得一定进展,但还存在决策位置失误的问题,函待进一步的研究;②对于影响农户决策的自然因素,探讨定量化表达其对农户影响作用,是下一步研究的重点。     

基于多层次模型的农户土地利用决策影响因素分析——以陕西省米脂县高西沟村为例

土地利用变化驱动力研究一直是学者们关注的热点问题之一,土地利用驱动力在不同尺度的变化也越来越受学者们关注。论文以陕西省米脂县高西沟村为研究区域,在地形图、航片解译数据及2009年实际测量数据和农户调查数据的基础上,基于多层次模型的理论,借助HLM6.07(student)软件工具,构建从地块(微观尺度)到农户(中观尺度)的二层土地利用决策影响因素模型,试图揭示微观层面土地利用决策的影响因素在不同尺度上的变化机制。研究结果表明:①农户选择种植土豆、谷子作物的土地利用决策与地块的自然因素和农户的社会经济因素有关;②农户种植土豆、谷子行为决策的影响因素存在差异;③将多层次模型应用到从微观尺度到中观尺度分析农户土地利用决策影响因素是符合实际情况的,这为进一步构建影响农户土地利用决策的因素——微观尺度(地块)、中观尺度(农户)、宏观尺度(村庄)的三层模型奠定了基础,同时为研究土地利用决策机制提供了一种方法。     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

洪湖沉积柱中重金属的历史分布特征及来源

为了解历史上洪湖重金属的含量水平及来源,于2014年12月在洪湖中心位置采集了沉积柱,分析了沉积柱中4种重金属（Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb）的含量,并结合¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb定年技术得到沉积物中重金属高分辨率年代沉积序列.结果表明：洪湖沉积柱中4种重金属总量介于67.86~189.57mg/kg之间,4种重金属含量的高低为Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd.地累计指数表明Cu和Zn未达到污染级别,而Pb为无污染到中度污染级别,Cd为中度污染到强污染级别.沉积物中重金属含量受洪水和围湖造田的共同影响,新滩水闸建成前,洪水会导致沉积物中重金属含量先降低,随后升高.水闸建成后,洪水会导致洪湖出现内涝致使沉积物中重金属含量升高;围湖造田导致沉积物中重金属含量升高.源解析研究表明,沉积物重金属来源于非点源农业污染、交通活动以及工业废水和生活废水排放.     

Monitoring land use/land cover change impacts on soils in data scarce environments: a case of south-central Ethiopia

To monitor land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and assess its impact on the soil property, the availability of benchmark data is indispensable, which is hardly available in the intensively cultivated regions of developing countries. Our study attempts to solve this problem by generating a benchmark soil data through the development of modified spatial analogue (MSA) method in the context of the Upper Dijo River catchment, south-central Ethiopia. The magnitude and patterns of LULC changes were extracted from air photos and satellite imageries, along with the acquisition of soil samples from the reference and target sites through ground survey. Analysis of digital image processing shows significant LULC changes in a period that spanned three decades. The impact of LULC change on soil quality was assessed by comparing the soil physico-chemical properties sampled from the reference and target sites. The result shows a decline in total nitrogen, organic matter, available potassium and pH levels in soils collected from target sites, which conforms to results reported by studies conducted in data-rich environment. With careful validation, MSA could be useful for monitoring soil property changes in data-scarce environment and generate soil-related parameters for agro-ecological models.     

Land-use choices: the case of conservation reserve program (CRP) re-enrollment in Kansas,USA

Among the important alternatives for land conservation is the US Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) that celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2015. This paper explores how landowners decide on alternative land-use choices made available by the expiration of CRP contracts in Kansas. The study uses survey data and multinomial Logit models to predict land-use choices. Two models were tested. The first model does not incorporate variables concerning farmer perceptions and attitudes about land-use choices, while the second model does. The results show that CRP re-enrollment depends on factors, such as years of experience in cropping and percent of cropland irrigated. However, when perception variables are added, the models become more robust in explaining other land choice alternatives. The results suggest that as the perception of unfairness of more inflexible environmental policy rises, these farmers may be more likely to re-enroll their marginal land in the CRP program.