旅游用地的初步研究

在分析大量旅游用地文献的基础上,对旅游用地的研究进展进行了综述.在修正旅游用地概念的同时,总结了旅游用地的特点,提出了旅游用地利用的原则内容和研究,最后就旅游用地中存在的问题提出了解决方法.     

中国火灾史(秦朝～1949年)简析

火对人类生存和繁衍具有历史性的变革作用 ,同时火灾事故的发生又给人类带来了威胁。笔者以有关文献数据为依据 ,以现有的省域为地理界限并以规定的时间段为基础 ,对中国历史上的火灾事故及其原因进行简要统计分析 ,其中的数据来源难免有一定的局限性 ,要从中得出一些规律确实很难 ,但至少可总结出 :①中国历代火灾多发区的变迁过程 ,基本上是随中国经济和文化中心的迁移而迁移的 ;经济越发达地区 ,同期火灾事故明显居多 ;火灾的直接受害者主要是平民百姓和宗教人士。②在已知的火灾事故原因中 ,战争是第一位的。上述分析的结论 ,对当代人们了解过去的火灾史 ,具有帮助与启迪。     

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND POLICY IN HAWAII: COMING FULL CIRCLE1

ABSTRACT: Changes in watershed management and policy in Hawaii are an instructive case study on the evolution of resource management from a traditional vertically integrated system, to a segmented central government‐based system, and now towards a community and watershed focus. The rise of European social and economic influences coupled with the precipitous decline in the Hawaiian population in the years following European contact led to the destruction of traditional management structures. Subsequently, the dominance of outside interests in Hawaii society and politics, culminating with the sugar industry, facilitated the unrestricted use and privatization of land and water resources. The post‐World War II era ushered in fundamental changes in Hawaii society and politics including renewed appreciation of traditional management practices. Government policies, increased community interest in resource management, and a renaissance in Hawaiian culture have converged in recent years to facilitate the development of new management structures that draw on both traditional and contemporary management. These structures hold great promise for improving Hawaiian watershed management. Our observations suggest that other jurisdictions may find it productive to examine traditional management and policy structures and try to relate them to contemporary community‐based resource management policies and activities.     

Spatial and temporal analysis of vegetation change in agricultural landscapes: A case study of two brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) landscapes in Queensland, Australia

The majority of landscapes around the world have been modified or transformed by human activities to meet the needs of human societies. The loss of native vegetation for agricultural development affects the sustainability of growing proportion of the world's ecosystems. Factors such as land tenure, roads and agricultural intensification, together with biophysical properties, have been cited as drivers of deforestation. This paper combined analysis of the historical drivers of change with analysis of the trends of deforestation since 1945 in two brigalow landscapes (100,000 ha) in sub-tropical Australia. A selection of these drivers were then applied at a property-level (1000 ha) to test their influence on native vegetation retention. Regression trees were used to identify significant human drivers and biophysical properties, and then a generalised linear modelling approach was used to quantify the effect of these factors on the proportion of remnant native vegetation. Results showed that until the mid-20th century, government policies to intensify settlement did not result in increased agricultural production, but since this time, landscape change has been rapid, and has particularly affected ecosystems on fertile clay soils. Although socio-economic factors were critical in driving deforestation, after 60 years of agricultural intensification by far the most significant explanatory variable determining the proportion of native vegetation retained at a property scale was the suitability of the soil for agriculture. Property size was an important secondary influence. The results were not, by and large, consistent with other studies of landscape change and suggest that generalised principles explaining deforestation may be elusive. Solutions to the problem of over-clearance of native vegetation, therefore, need to be tailored to the specific regional situations encountered.     

三江流域土地覆被／土地利用与生态系统功能关系研究

三江流域具有特殊严酷的自然环境和相对落后的经济条件,本区域的生态环境极度脆弱,不但限制了本区域的经济发展,还严重威胁着中下游地区的安全。但是长期的过量森林砍伐,落后的农业生产方式,导致本地区的生态功能退化严重,恢复重建异常困难。因此如何改变过去的生产方式,充分发挥土地生产潜力,提高人民生活,促进社会经济持续发展,已成为国内国际关注的重点。本文运用土地生态学和景观生态学原理,对三江流域土地覆被／土地利用与生态系统功能关系进行了探讨,在土地利用方面提出了减少耕地,实施退耕还林或还草;对干暖河谷灌丛生态系统和寒漠生态系统要以保护为前提,减少人为活动影响,发挥生态系统自身调节能力,使之向健康方向发展,对森林生态系统和高寒草甸生态系统要发挥其生态功能和经济功能。最终实现土地资源的可持续利用,取得最大的社会、生态、经济效益。     

我国持续发展战略的可承受性思考

通过对人类社会发展历史的回顾，分析工业文明在人口、资源、环境等方面所造成的负面效应，引发人们探讨人与自然、人与自身、人与社会之间相互关系的依存、对立与协调统一的过程，从不同角度阐述人类社会发展在生态上、文化上、社会上、经济上可持续发展的可承受性。用东方古老哲理思想整合西方文明所带来的人类社会发展弊端，试求探索出一条“天人合一”、“东西合璧”的可持续发展之路。     

Issues and challenges for forest-based carbon-offset projects: A case study of the Noel Kempff climate action project in Bolivia

The Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia, nowin its third year, is breaking ground to establishcredible and verifiable methods to quantify greenhousegas (GHG) benefits of land-use change and forestry (LUCF)projects. Developed under the United Nations FrameworkConvention Climate Change (FCCC) Activities ImplementedJointly pilot phase, the project conserves naturalforests that would otherwise have been subjected tocontinued logging and future agricultural conversion.Carbon (C) monitoring began with a C inventory of theproject area in 1997. The total amount of C in theproject area was 118 Tg (Tg = 10¹²g) ± 4%(95% confidence interval). Periodic monitoring ofrelevant C pools (occurring in 1999 and every 5 yrthereafter) occurs over the 30-year life of theproject to establish the difference between thewith-project and projected without-project scenarios. Permanent sample plots were established both insidethe project area to monitor changes in C pools overtime and in a proxy logging concession near theproject area to determine changes in C pools inforests that have been impacted by logging. Ground-based monitoring is complemented by datacollection on forest industry trends and land-usechange patterns. Remote sensing was used to developa vegetation stratification map of the area, and workis ongoing to investigate the potential application ofdual-camera aerial videography to improve theefficiency of monitoring over time.     

Participatory Bayesian network modeling to understand driving factors of land-use change decisions: insights from two case studies in northeast Madagascar

ABSTRACT

Forest frontiers worldwide reveal trade-offs that are key in mitigating global change. In the forest frontiers of northeast Madagascar, land-use changes result from decisions made by smallholder farmers. In the past, subsistence needs led to increasing shifting cultivation, resulting in forest degradation and deforestation. This study focuses on investigating the role of locally determined factors in land-use change decisions in the forest frontier context. Therefore, we developed a Bayesian network-based land-use decision model that represents the causalities between factors influencing land-use decisions and takes into account local decision-makers’ knowledge. The approach is applied in two comparative case studies in northeast Madagascar. Results show that farmers mostly aim at extending the cultivation of cash crops. These results and the causal mechanisms disentangled for the forest frontier of northeast Madagascar help understand change mechanisms and hence, support decision-making to attain the Sustainable Development Goals.     

Landscape ecology of the Dutch coast

This paper is a summary and elaboration of an earlier publication in Dutch on the compilation of a landscape-ecological map, scale 1 : 50 000, of the Dutch coast. It is argued that such an integrated map is the best basis for the conservation and management of the coastal dunes and salt marshes. It may be combined with local more detailed vegetation maps, some examples of which are mentioned in the context of management. The Dutch North Sea coast is a ca. 350 km long chain of sandy beaches and sand dunes, from only 100 m to more than 10 km wide. On sheltered stretches of dune coasts along estuaries in the Southwest and on the Wadden Sea islands, salt marshes have developed. The small-scale gradient structure of the beach-dune-salt marsh complex is emphasized.     

Agricultural land-use change and ash (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus excelsior</Emphasis> L.) colonization in Pyrenean landscapes: an interdisciplinary case study

Changes in agricultural land use are responsible for significant modifications in mountain landscapes. This study is part of an interdisciplinary research on the processes and consequences of spontaneous afforestation of Pyrenean landscapes by ash, and the possibilities for its management. We address the relationships between vegetation dynamics and land-use change from the combination of an agricultural study of change in farm management and an ecological study of grassland colonization by ash. In the framework of a village case study, we characterized parcels management and land-use histories, and analyzed the dynamics of the composition of grassland vegetation communities. From a joint analysis of the results obtained in each discipline, we discuss the limitations and complementarities of the two approaches for the interdisciplinary assessment of the afforestation process.