Towards sustainable land-use in the hills of Central Himalaya,India

SUMMARY

Over-population in relation to poor land productivity and cultivation in less fertile lands is resulting in land degradation and deforestation in UP hills. Growing demand of more food production and increasing need for more cash in hand have forced the hill people to cultivate all kinds of land, resulting in the denudation of land resources and soil erosion. These changes resulted in out migration of the area's human resource. A new management system for the revival of natural resources and the sustainable utilization of the area's human population and livestock has been proposed, involving active local participation in order to change the existing land-use to a system based on the soil fertility scale.     

Disaster risk reduction and the evolution of physical development regulation

In 1984 the Mitigation Implementation Conference recognized the need for effective management of urban development in terms of building standards and land-use zonation. In the intervening 25 years, significant progress has been made in the development of building codes and hazard mapping for disaster risk reduction; however, the failure to promulgate, implement and enforce regulation of development has resulted in the dramatic expansion of exposure and risk. It is now necessary to re-assess regulatory policy and practice. New approaches to regulatory compliance must be explored, including participatory regulation and reliance on cultural and religious bases for individual commitment to community safety.     

工业园生态型土地功能区构建探讨——以常熟市国际工业园为例

工业园区的规划建设对当地及周边地区的土地质量将产生重要影响 ,因此有必要将生态型土地功能区的理念纳入工业园区的规划之中。工业园生态型土地功能区是依据自然及人工特征对生态型人工复合系统或人类聚居地进行人为划分的区域。该区域应使人们在各种社会经济活动中所消耗的物资和物化劳动获得较大的经济效益的同时 ,保持生态系统的动态平衡。生态型土地功能区区划的重要理论依据是 :在对区域生态调查的基础上 ,首先对土地生态适宜度和生态敏感性两方面进行评价 ,然后根据评价结果将生态性质相似的土地进行类聚 ,并按不同的用途对该区的土地进行功能区划。最后以常熟市国际工业园案例进行实例研究 ,通过分析结果可以认识到园区生态型土地功能区区划与经济协调发展是可行的     

Early Development of Systems Analysis in Natural Resources Management from Man and Nature to the Miami Conservancy District

Contemporary approaches to natural resources and environmental decision-making typically draw on a “systems” perspective to assess and improve management strategies. This paper describes the early genesis of the systems analysis approach. It concentrates on a period between the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. During the early part of this period, George Marsh's Man and Nature and related works laid out an approach to problem-solving that recognized the relationship among physically disperse elements in the environment, the need to balance benefits against costs, the potential for using quantitative modeling to understand management options, and the importance of integrating human and natural components into solutions. In the early 20th century, the Miami Conservancy District project brought this approach to fruition with its use of complex simulation and optimization modeling, detailed cost–benefit analysis, and its linking of economics, engineering, science, and law into a far-reaching solution to a complex water resources problem. The objective of this paper is to describe the early development and application of this conceptual approach to problem-solving. An examination of the origins of natural resources systems analysis can broaden one's perspective of the contemporary field to understand its roots as a philosophy for environmental problem-solving.     

农地使用权流转问题的思考

农村土地使用权流转问题不但是我国农村微观机制讨论的热点,而且是我国农地制度变革和完善的见证,也是农村结构调整、生产力水平提高的客观要求。在阐述了农村土地使用权的基本内涵及其多样形式的基础上,从分析我国农村土地使用权的现状出发,阐明了造成土地使用权流转及影响其有序推进的原因。立足于我国土地流转已取得的成效和存在的问题,提出了今后土地使用权流转应该注意的问题和应坚持的原则。     

城乡结合部土地利用预警研究

在总结前人对城乡结合部土地利用预警研究工作内容的基础上，依据预警的理论分析了城乡结合部土地利用变化，对其运行机制进行了研究，通过城乡结合部土地利用变化的动态监测，建立了城乡结合部土地利用的预警监控体系，以保证土地政策的实施达到预期效果。     

GROUND WATER YIELDS AND INVENTORY FOR LAND-USE PLANNING IN CRYSTALLINE ROCK AREAS OF WAKE COUNTY,NORTH CAROLINA1

In urbanizing areas underlain by crystalline rocks an inventory of the usable ground water should form an important element in the land-use planning process. Land-use decisions are most often made upon water-well yield data alone, but these data do not address the inventory question. A method utilizing local geology, stream lowflow characteristics, and pumping test data permitted outlining portions of Wake County, North Carolina, which are more favorable and those which are less favorable for ground water supply development. Information from state-required 24-hour pumping tests on 232 wells was supplemented by information from an additional 100 wells whose initial yields were determined by shorter pumping tests. Comparison of the ground water inventory values on a per acre or per square mile basis with average water use at various residential densities provides information useful to the responsible political body as it decides about population density distribution and the need for surface water supplies. For Wake Country an average density of one residential unit per acre appears generally permissible before overdraft of the ground water supplies becomes a significant risk. By utilizing the ground water inventory and patterns of ground water yields from various rock types, county officials can maximize the effectiveness of public facilities funds. The technique appears useful for other parts of the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States.     

STORM WATER RUNOFF QUALITY FROM THREE LAND-USE AREAS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Storm water runoff studies of three small basins (20, 40, and 58 acres) in the Fort Lauderdale area of Florida were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1974–78. The basins were homogeneously developed with land uses being: commercial, single family residential, and high traffic volume highway. Synchronized data were collected for rainfall, storm water discharge, storm water quality, and bulk precipitation (rainfall plus dry fallout) quality. Analysis of the storm water discharge data showed that most runoff was from impervious areas hydraulically connected to drain inlets. Regression analyses of the storm water discharge and water quality data indicated that storm loads from the single family residential area correlated strongly with peak discharge and length of antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the highway area correlated strongly with rainfall and less strongly with peak discharge and antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the commercial area correlated strongly with peak discharge and rainfall, and less strongly with antecedent dry periods. On a unit area basis, the single family residential area yielded the largest loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. The commercial area yielded the largest loads of lead, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand. Yields of carbon were about the same for the three areas. Constituent loadings derived directly from the atmosphere were estimated on the basis of bulk precipitation samples and compared with storm runoff loads from the highway and commercial areas.     

中田河流域景观异质性对水体总氮浓度影响研究

土地利用变化使输移至河流的营养盐负荷发生变化从而导致地表水水质变化.研究景观异质性对营养负荷的影响程度对改善水质的最佳管理措施至关重要.本研究从2013年1~12月,对中田河流域干支流水系20个监测点的地表水总氮浓度进行了周年定点监测,考虑到流域单元的嵌套关系,选择7个土地利用结构和13个景观格局指数,探讨了景观异质性对中田河流域水体总氮浓度的影响.研究表明:1建设用地和草地对总氮浓度有重大影响,表现为建设用地会恶化水质,而草地可以改善水质;2景观斑块-形状指数、景观斑块-面积指数和建设用地是景观尺度上影响流域总氮浓度的主要因素;3回归分析进一步显示建设用地和景观斑块-面积指数对总氮浓度的贡献分别是67.31%和32.69%.     

Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity

This study aimed to develop original laboratory culture and sediment toxicity testing protocols for the freshwater gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa(Reeve),a new potential species for sediment toxicity testing.B.aeruginosa was successfully cultured with an effective culture system under proposed laboratory conditions.Optimal ad libitum feeding levels for larvae,juveniles,and adults were 2.0,6.0,and 16.0 mg fish food/(snail·day),respectively.Mean survival rates of juveniles were higher than 90%.The snails could be sexed at 9 weeks of age,and their generation time is approximately 4 months.Reproduction continued all year around;the mean fecundity was 0.55 newborn/(female·day).The utility of this species for bioassays was evaluated in both 10-day and 28-day case studies with artificial sediments.The 10-day LC50 of Cu for larvae was 480 μg/g dry weight(dw),and the lowest observed effects concentration of Cu for survival and growth of larvae was 195 μg/g dw.Survival and growth are reliable indicators of acute toxicity.Larvae accumulated more Cu than adults.B.aeruginosa exhibited a higher sensitivity to Cu exposure than standard test species(Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans).The 28-day test of sediment toxicity with adults showed that fecundity was a robust endpoint indicator of reproductive toxicity,and the biochemical endpoints of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione could be used as sensitive biomarkers for Cu-induced oxidative damage.B.aeruginosa can be therefore recommended as a candidate for the standardization of the freshwater sediment toxicity test protocol.