建国50年海南岛社会经济发展与资源环境变化研究

本文根据建国以来海南岛地区的行政管理体制。政策演变历程。研究了海南岛社会经济发展和资源环境变化之间的关系．通过对社会经济数据和资源环境数据的综合分析。将海南岛社会经济发展和资源环境变化划分为三个不同特点的阶段，并分别阐述了这三个阶段社会经济发展和资源环境变化的不同特点以及社会经济发展对资源环境变化的影响过程。本文对于评价建国50年来海南岛经济发展和资源环境变化、预测未来社会的发展并作出合理的规划具有重要意义。     

Has long-term metal exposure induced changes in life history traits and genetic diversity of the enchytraeid worm Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejd.)?

We studied whether long-term metal exposure has affected life history traits, population growth patterns and genetic diversity of the asexual enchytraeid worm Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejd.). Enchytraeids from metal contaminated and uncontaminated forest soil were compared by growing them individually in the laboratory and by following their population development in patchily Cu contaminated microcosms. Genetic differences between the two native populations were studied using allozyme electrophoresis. Individuals from the contaminated site had slower growth rate and they produced fewer fragments of larger size when compared to individuals from the uncontaminated site. In patchily Cu contaminated microcosms, C. sphagnetorum from the contaminated site had a slower population growth rate. Most alleles were shared by the two native populations, but there was greater diversity and more unique genotypes in the population living in the uncontaminated site. Overall, long-term exposure to metals has induced only slight changes in life history properties and clonal diversity of C. sphagnetorum.     

Integrated Ecological and Regional Planning in a Rapid-Growth Setting

Toronto is among the fastest-growing urban regions in North America. Regional efforts to preserve rural landscapes and remnant habitat have had variable success. In the 1990s, significant conflict emerged over proposals to build large housing developments on portions of the Oak Ridges Moraine, a 160-km stretch of environmentally sensitive land along the city’s northern edge. After years of planning conflict, Ontario’s provincial government created the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Plan, an Act of the Ontario Legislature. The Plan represents a dramatic change in Ontario’s approach to conservation planning. We examine the development and implementation of the Conservation Plan as an example of environmental planning policy in a complex urban setting. Data from interviews with policy actors, planning agency documents, and geospatial sources are used to construct an analysis and discussion of the Plan and its implementation. From a policy research perspective, the evolution and implementation of the Plan require analysis and monitoring to better understand how such approaches can best be implemented. The Conservation Plan marks a change in policy in Ontario, and the implementation process highlights challenges in putting conservation plans into practice.     

Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning

Forest policy decisions are often a source of debate, conflict, and tension in many countries. The debate over forest land-use decisions often hinges on disagreements about societal values related to forest resource use. Disagreements on social value positions are fought out repeatedly at local, regional, national, and international levels at an enormous social cost. Forest policy problems have some inherent characteristics that make them more difficult to deal with. On the one hand, forest policy decisions involve uncertainty, long time scales, and complex natural systems and processes. On the other hand, such decisions encompass social, political, and cultural systems that are evolving in response to forces such as globalization. Until recently, forest policy was heavily influenced by the scientific community and various economic models of optimal resource use. However, growing environmental awareness and acceptance of participatory democracy models in policy formulation have forced the public authorities to introduce new participatory mechanisms to manage forest resources. Most often, the efforts to include the public in policy formulation can be described using the lower rungs of Arnstein’s public participation typology. This paper presents an approach that incorporates stakeholder preferences into forest land-use policy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). An illustrative case of regional forest-policy formulation in Australia is used to demonstrate the approach. It is contended that applying the AHP in the policy process could considerably enhance the transparency of participatory process and public acceptance of policy decisions.     

安徽省环境经济政策评估分析:2016—2017

为了把握安徽省的环境经济政策整体绩效,本文先对安徽省环境经济政策的发展历程进行梳理,然后以安徽省2016—2017年执行的环境经济政策作为主要研究对象,利用内容分析法、层次分析法和德尔菲法等方法从政策完整性、明确性、可执行性、协调性、成果性五个维度对环境经济政策进行了绩效评估分析。评价结果显示,目前安徽省已基本建立了环境经济政策体系框架,公共财政政策等起步较早领域更为成熟,相关配套与监督措施也较为全面,但在绿色金融、排污权交易等方面仍需进一步完善。最后针对安徽省环境经济政策的不足,本文提出了相应的建议与展望。     

百朗地下河沉积柱芯有机氯农药的高分辨记录

测定了广西百朗地下河大石围天坑河段沉积柱芯中有机氯农药(OCPs)的质量分数,探讨了有机氯农药的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb定年研究了百朗地下河流域有机氯农药的污染历史。研究结果表明,沉积柱中总有机氯农药含量为0.42~10.63 ng/g,平均值为2.74 ng/g。百朗河流域历史上主要使用的有机氯农药有六氯苯、六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、狄氏剂和艾氏剂5种表层沉积物分析显示近年地下河流域仍有新的γ-HCH(林丹)和DDTs输入。有机氯农药的垂直分布表征百朗地下河流域在1955-1960年间六氯苯被最先使用,1961年替换为六六六,同时使用的有狄氏剂、艾氏剂农药,而滴滴涕使用可能稍晚,与我国有机氯农药的生产使用历史基本一致。研究提出了大石围天坑河段沉积柱芯中有机氯农药污的染峰值滞后于使用高峰期,与喀斯特山区土地利用方式和土壤颗粒在地下河中的迁移有关。     

基于RS与GIS的土地沙漠化与土地利用变化时空耦合

土地利用是土地沙漠化发生、发展的重要驱动因子之一.研究土地利用变化及其与土地沙漠化之间的时空关系,是查明土地沙漠化成因机理及发展驱动的重要前提和基础.本文以毛乌素沙地为例,基于TM遥感影像,应用RS与GIS技术,在对20世纪80年代末到90年代末毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化演变与土地利用变化过程反演的基础上,从时空耦合的角度,对毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化演变与土地利用变化之间的关系进行了耦合关联分析,并建立了土地沙漠化转化等级与土地利用变化类型之间的关联关系.研究结果显示毛乌素土地沙漠化与土地利用变化之间具有较强的关联关系,而且这种关联性具有较为明显的区域差异性.     

上海农用化学品使用历史演变及污染防治对策

以上海过去几十年农用化学品使用为研究对象,深入分析了上海化肥、农药和地膜等农用化学品的使用历史演变及其驱动因素。结果表明,上海化肥使用量和使用水平总体上不断提高,主要由作物产量驱动;农药使用量和使用水平在经历大量使用的阶段以后逐步趋于稳定,主要受耕地面积减少和病虫害发生的影响而变动较大;地膜使用量基本保持平稳,但使用水平不断降低,主要与地膜的高强度低厚度发展有关。文章同时针对上海农用化学品使用存在的问题和污染风险,提出了相应的污染防治对策。     

起源喀斯特溶洞湿地稻田与旱地土壤的微生物数量、生物量及土壤酶活性比较

本研究的目的是比较起源于天然湿地的稻田湿地与旱地土壤微生物特征的差异.以桂林会仙喀斯特溶洞湿地系统内的稻田湿地、天然湿地和旱地表层(0~20 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用平板菌落计数法与氯仿熏蒸提取法和试剂盒提取法分别测定微生物数量与微生物生物量和微生物DNA,采用比色法测定土壤酶活性.结果表明,稻田湿地的细菌数量为(4.36±2.25)×10~7CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地和旱地;稻田湿地和旱地的真菌数量分别为(6.41±2.16)×10~4 CFU·g~(-1)和(6.52±1.55)×10~4 CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地,而旱地的放线菌数量为(2.65±0.72)×10~6 CFU·g~(-1),显著高于天然湿地.稻田湿地微生物DNA质量分数为(11.92±3.69)μg·g~(-1),显著高于旱地.稻田湿地的蔗糖酶活性为(66.87±18.61)mg·(g·24 h)~(-1),显著高于旱地,天然湿地的碱性磷酸酶活性为(2.07±0.99)mg·(g·2h)~(-1),显著高于旱地.统计分析显示,碱性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量碳和微生物DNA质量分数与土壤pH、土壤有机碳、总氮、碱解氮、土壤水分、交换性Ca~(2+)和交换性Mg~(2+)呈显著的正相关关系,蔗糖酶活性与前4种土壤因子也呈显著的正相关关系.以上结果表明,微生物生物量和微生物功能活性对会仙喀斯特溶洞湿地土地利用方式变化的反应比较敏感,土壤含水量、pH、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)等理化因子与土壤有机碳等养分是影响土壤微生物数量和活性的主要因子.鉴于天然湿地和稻田湿地土壤微生物特征的相似性,把适量稻田湿地作为一种特殊的人工湿地在喀斯特湿地系统的缓冲区和实验区中加以保留并加以保护较为合理.     

基于主体功能区的福建省城镇建设用地利用效率研究

区域的功能定位对城镇建设用地利用效率存在重要的影响。论文以福建省优化开发区、重点开发区、农产品主产区、重点生态功能区四大功能区功能定位发展目标为基础,采用地均投入产出技术效率表征城镇建设用地利用效率,剔除非期望产出构建随机前沿生产函数模型,对福建省2009—2015年四大主体功能区城镇建设用地利用效率进行差异化评析。结果表明：1）福建省2009—2015年城镇建设用地利用效率有所提升,且存在显著的区域差异。优化开发区城镇建设用地利用效率最高,而农产品主产区最低;农产品主产区城镇建设用地利用效率增速最快,而优化开发区增速最慢,表明建设用地利用程度与主体功能区功能定位存在一致性。2）福建省各主体功能区内要素投入产出存在显著空间分异,且呈现高低值格局之分。根据不同功能定位的区域城镇建设用地利用效率特点提出针对优化对策和建议。