A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods

Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.     

伊犁河谷核心区春季PM2.5组分特征及来源解析

为研究伊犁河谷核心区春季大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中无机元素、水溶性离子和碳组分特征和来源,于2021年4月20～29日在伊犁河谷核心区布设6个环境采样点,对PM_2.5中水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分等51种化学组分进行分析,并使用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对其来源进行解析.结果表明,采样期间ρ(PM_2.5)变化范围介于9～35μg·m^-3.Si、 Ca、 Al、 Na、 Mg、 Fe和K等地壳元素占比较高,占PM_2.5的12%,表明春季PM_2.5受到明显的扬尘源的影响.富集因子结果表明,Zn、 Ni、 Cr、 Pb、 Cu和As元素主要来源于化石燃料燃烧和机动车排放.元素组分的空间分布特征受采样点周边环境的影响,新政府片区受燃煤源的影响较大,故As浓度较高,伊宁市局和第二水厂受机动车影响较大,Sb和Sn浓度较高.PM_2.5中9种水溶性离子(WSIIs)的浓度占PM_2.5的33.2%,其中ρ(SO^2-     

北京城区PM2.5各组分污染特征及来源分析

为探索北京城区大气细颗粒物( PM_{2. 5}) 及其各组分的浓度特征,于 2019 年全年在车公庄地区开展了 PM_{2. 5}及水溶性离子、碳质组分及金属元素的连续在线监测． 结果表明,2019 年北京城区 ρ( PM_{2. 5}) 平均值为 46. 7 μg·m^{- 3},化学组分中 ρ[有机物（ OM） ]、ρ（ NO₃^-） 、ρ( SO₄^2-) 、ρ（ NH₄⁺） 、ρ（ EC） 、ρ（ Cl^-） 、ρ（ 微量元素） 和 ρ（ 地壳物质） 分别为 9. 1、11. 1、5. 7、5. 4、1. 4、0. 9、1. 6 和 7. 3 μg·m^{- 3},SNA ( SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和 NH₄⁺) 合计占到了...     

长株潭城市群PM2.5中二次无机离子特征及生成机制

二次无机离子是大气PM_2.5的主要组分,其对城市霾污染的驱动作用愈发明显.目前长株潭城市群秋冬季PM_2.5污染形势依旧严峻,但该区域的二次转化对冬季霾污染过程以及秋冬季SNA差异特征的影响尚不明晰.2020年11月和2021年1月在长株潭城市群4个典型站点进行PM_2.5连续采样,并定量分析了SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄等组分.结果显示,秋季和冬季PM_2.5中ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NO^-₃)、ρ(NH⁺₄)平均值(μg·m^-3)分别为(5.2±2.5)、(7.9±4.8)、(4.1±2.2)和(7.2±4.2)、(17.1±10.5)、(7.8±5.2).在冬季霾污染过程中,ρ(SO₄^...     

聊城市冬季PM2.5中水溶性化合物的昼夜变化特征及来源解析

为探究聊城市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性物质的昼夜变化特征及其来源,于2017年1～2月进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,对其水溶性无机离子、乙二酸和左旋葡聚糖等水溶性化合物进行分析,并采用主成分分析-多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)对其来源进行解析.结果表明,采样期间聊城市PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为(132. 6±65. 4)μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1. 8倍,且夜晚PM_(2.5)的污染程度略高于白天. SNA(SO24-、NO3-和NH4+)是聊城市PM_(2.5)中最主要的水溶性离子,在白天与夜晚占总离子的质量分数为73. 4%和77. 1%,说明聊城市冬季二次污染较严重.白天与夜晚阴阳离子平衡当量比值(AE/CE)都小于1,说明PM_(2.5)呈碱性,且夜晚PM_(2.5)的酸性比白天强.无论在白天还是晚上,NH4+的主要存在形态均为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3.通过相关性分析,证实了乙二酸是在液相中经酸催化的二次氧化反应形成的,且受生物质燃烧的影响很强.通过PCA-MLR模型分析可知,聊城市冬季PM_(2.5)中的水溶性化合物主要来自机动车尾气及其二次氧化、生物质燃烧,而受矿物粉尘与煤炭燃烧的影响较小.     

Ca2+、Mg2+共存对SBR工艺生物脱氮和微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究共存的硬度金属离子在废水生物处理中的作用,在进水Ca~(2+)为1.1 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,通过改变Mg~(2+)的浓度,考察Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比对SBR工艺污染物去除和微生物群落的影响,采用高通量测序技术分析微生物优势种群的变化,以期从微生物角度明确Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)共存对生物脱氮的影响机制.结果表明:当Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比分别为2、1和0.5时,COD去除率由88%分别升高至90%、91%和93%;NH~+_4-N去除率由74%分别升高至91%、93%和96%;TN去除率由44%分别升高至58%、62%和69%.随着进水Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比的降低,微生物群落的丰富度升高,Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比为2的微生物群落结构与Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比为1和0.5的微生物群落结构差异显著.变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门一直为SBR工艺的优势菌门,有利于有机污染物的去除.参与脱氮过程的Niabella和Dechloromonas在反应器内富集,保证了良好的脱氮效果.Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)物质的量比的降低促进了有机物和总氮的去除及微生物多样性的提高.     

沈阳市PM2.5污染组分特征及其来源解析

为了解沈阳市空气细颗粒物的污染特征及主要来源,于2015年2月、5月、8月和10月在沈阳市采集PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5质量浓度及其化学组分（无机元素、含碳组分和水溶性离子）进行测定.结果显示,采样期间沈阳市PM_2.5平均质量浓度为69 μg/m³,是《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）年均二级标准限值（35 μg/m³）的2.0.水溶性离子在PM_2.5中的含量最高,其次为碳组分、无机元素.富集因子结果表明：沈阳市富集因子值最高的元素来自于燃煤、交通污染、工业排放等污染源.正交矩阵因子分析（PMF）结果表明：PM_2.5结果中燃煤源、二次源、工业源、扬尘源和交通源的贡献比分别为33.4%、27.2%、16.7%、11.5%、11.2%.     

Effects of silver nanoparticles with different dosing regimens and exposure media on artificial ecosystem

Due to the wide use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields, it is crucial to explore the potential negative impacts on the aquatic environment of AgNPs entering into the environment in different ways. In this study, comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the toxicological impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) with two kinds of dosing regimens, continuous and one-time pulsed dosing, in different exposure media (deionized water and XiangJiang River water). There were a number of quite different experimental results (including 100% mortality of zebrafish, decline in the activity of enzymes, and lowest number and length of adventitious roots) in the one-time pulsed dosing regimen at high PVP-AgNP concentration exposure (HOE) compared to the three other treatments. Meanwhile, we determined that the concentration of leached silver ions from PVP-AgNPs was too low to play a role in zebrafish death. Those results showed that HOE led to a range of dramatic ecosystem impacts which were more destructive than those of other treatments. Moreover, compared with the continuous dosing regimen, despite the fact that higher toxicity was observed for HOE, there was little difference in the removal of total silver from the aquatic environment for the different dosing regimens. No obvious differences in ecological impacts were observed between different water columns under low concentration exposure. Overall, this work highlighted the fact that the toxicity of AgNPs was impacted by different dosing regimens in different exposure media, which may be helpful for assessments of ecological impacts on aquatic environments.     

Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides

Arsenic(As) mobilization in soils is a fundamental step controlling its transport and fate,especially in the presence of the co-existing components. In this study, the effect of two commonly used herbicides, glyphosate(PMG) and dicamba, and two competing ions including phosphate and humic acid, on As desorption and release was investigated using batch and column experiments. The batch kinetics results showed that As desorption in the presence of competing factors conformed to the pseudo-second order kinetics at pH range of 5–9. The impact of phosphate on desorption was greatest, followed by PMG. The competitive effect of dicamba and humic acid was at the same level with electrolyte solution. In situ flow cell ATR-FTIR analysis was performed to explore the mechanism of phosphate and PMG impact on As mobilization. The results showed that PMG promoted As(Ⅲ) desorption by competiting for available adsorption sites with no change in As(Ⅲ)complexing structure. On the other hand, phophate changed As(Ⅲ) surface complexes from bidentate to monodentate structures, exhibiting the most siginficant effect on As(Ⅲ)desorption. As(Ⅴ) surface complexes remained unchanged in the presence of PMG and phosphate, implying that the competitive effect for As(Ⅴ) desorption was primarily determined by the available adsorption sites. Long-term(10 days) soil column experiments suggested that the effect of humic acid on As mobilization became pronounced from 3 days(18 PVs). The insights of this study help us understand the transport and fate of As due to herbicides application.     

Editorial: Effects of metal contamination on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir

<正>Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, including ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), are important to the global nitrogen cycle. These microbes catalyze the oxidization of ammonia (NH_3) to nitrite (NO_2~-), the ratelimiting step in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (Stahl and de la Torre, 2012). Effects on the activity of the ammoniaoxidizing microbes could ultimately influence the global