Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 in a city of northwestern Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of inorganic ions present in particulate matter smaller than 10 µm (PM₁₀), released into the environment by industrial, domestic and mobile sources in Duzce. To assess spatial variations, samples were collected from two sampling sites that had urban and suburban characteristics. Further, the process was carried out in two seasons to understand the seasonal variations. An ion chromatography device was used for analyzing the inorganic ion content in the collected samples. The highest levels of inorganic ion concentrations were measured at the urban sampling site during the winter campaign. Furthermore, the highest ion concentrations were measured for SO₄^2? ion at both sampling sites and during both seasons, while the lowest concentrations were measured for Br^?. Moreover, there were significant relationships between meteorological parameters and ion concentrations. A comparison of the cation and anion equivalence values using seasonal CE/AE (cation equivalence/anion equivalence) ratios showed that the aerosol matter had alkaline characteristics during both seasons. The mean value for the CE/AE ratios was 1.58 in winter and 2.06 in summer at the urban sampling site and 1.36 in winter and 1.52 in summer at the suburban sampling site. The interrelationships among the ions were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Based on the correlation analyses, the ions emitted from common sources and those exposed to similar atmospheric conditions displayed strong correlations with each other.     

纳米二氧化硅和铅复合暴露对 斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺内分泌系统的毒性影响

纳米颗粒(NPs)因其广泛的应用而备受关注。NPs会改变重金属(如Pb)在生物体内的富集和毒性作用。因此,研究选择国际公认的模式动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为研究对象,开展纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO₂)对Pb在鱼体内的积累和甲状腺内分泌系统干扰的研究。受精2 h后的斑马鱼胚胎,单独暴露于环境相关浓度的Pb(如0, 5, 10和20 μg/L)或与无效应浓度nano-SiO₂(如25 μg/L)复合暴露至144 h。结果表明：和nano-SiO₂复合暴露后,斑马鱼幼鱼体内Pb的含量显著高于同浓度下Pb单独暴露(P<0.05)。此外,Pb或nano-SiO₂单独暴露都不会显著改变斑马鱼幼鱼体内甲状腺激素(T4和T3)的含量(P>0.05);但当两者复合暴露后,斑马鱼幼鱼体内T4和T3含量显著低于对照组或同浓度下Pb单独暴露组 (P<0.01和P<0.05)。在Pb单独或与nano-SiO₂复合暴露下,tshβ基因的表达都显著上调,但ttr和tg基因的表达都显著下调,并且复合暴露造成基因表达水平的改变较同浓度下Pb单独暴露相比更明显(P<0.05)。上述结果指出,nano-SiO₂会增加Pb在生物体内的富集,从而对斑马鱼幼鱼的甲状腺内分泌系统造成更严重的影响。     

纳米零价铁在环境中的毒性研究进展

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为一种高效的环境修复材料,被广泛应用在土壤和地下水的修复等环境领域。但研究发现,大量进入环境中的nZVI可能会对生物体和生态系统产生严重危害,如和nZVI接触后,会造成小鼠器官受到损伤,杨树幼苗生长减缓,大肠杆菌等微生物的细胞膜破裂等不利作用出现。此外,nZVI还会改变环境中的氧化还原电位和溶解氧等指标,而且毒性效应容易受到外界条件的干扰。虽然目前对nZVI的致毒机制还不完全明确,但学者们提出了多种可能的假设,主流的观点是铁离子的释放、氧化损伤和基因损伤等。本文综述了国内外对nZVI毒性的最新研究成果,以期为nZVI的使用和毒性研究提供参考。     

腐殖酸存在下镉和铅对土壤脱氢酶活性的影响

采用室内培养试验研究Cd和Pb污染红壤添加不同组分腐殖酸后,其脱氢酶活性的变化,结果表明,红壤遭受镉和铅污染后,脱氢酶活性显著降低,然而腐殖酸特别是胡敏酸的存在能够使脱氢酶活性得到显著回升,说明腐殖酸与重金属的相互作用对重金属污染土壤微生物活性的改善和修复功能,对土壤有一定的去污降毒作用.不同腐殖酸组分的效应大小为:灰色胡敏酸(GHA)>棕色胡敏酸(BHA)>富里酸(FA),表明分子量愈大、芳构化程度愈高的腐殖酸组分,其对重金属的钝化愈强,从而解除土壤重金属对生物毒害的能力愈强.     

Introduction of the Factor of Partitioning in the Lithogenic Enrichment Factors of Trace Element Bioaccumulation in Plant Tissues

Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.     

谷壳的差热红外扫描电镜分析及对铜铅离子的生物吸附研究

用差热分析(DTG-DTA)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)等方法对谷壳的质量随温度上升而变化的情况、表面的官能团、表面形态及主要元素构成等进行了分析,并研究了谷壳对水溶液中Cu2 、pb2 的生物吸附作用.加热170℃时谷壳质量损失约6%,至170～290℃时质量损失约45%,至500℃时质量仅余约11%.在320℃、440℃分别有2个放热峰.谷壳的红外吸收光谱图主要由碳水化合物如木质素、纤维素等的吸收带组成.红外光谱分析表明,1735 cm-1和1615 cm-1处的吸收峰为不同C=O的伸缩振动峰;1515 cm-1处为苯环的骨架振动峰,而1243 cm-1处是苯羟基中C-O的伸缩振动峰.1456 cm-1处的吸收峰为CH3-和CH2-的弯曲振动峰,1374 cm-1处是甲基的弯曲振动峰.SEM/EDS分析表明,谷壳表面粗糙,且主要由碳氧硅铝元素构成.结果表明,吸附时间、溶液pH、吸附剂用量、金属离子初始浓度及Na 和Ca2 离子对吸附均有影响.谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附在30min基本达到平衡,在pH为5左右吸附效果较好,Ca2 对吸附的影响比Na 严重.随初始浓度的增加,吸附量增大,且吸附可用Langmuir方程描述.在本实验条件下,谷壳对Cu2 、Pb2 的最大吸附量分别为3.46 mg·L-1、12.5mg·L-1.一种金属离子的存在能显著降低谷壳对另一种金属离子的吸附,且pb2 对Cu2 的影响较Cu2 对pb2 的影响更严重.单一体系和混合体系的实验结果表明,谷壳对单一体系中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力分别大于对混合溶液中Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附能力.     

廉价吸附剂处理重金属离子废水的研究进展

随着现代工业的迅速发展,生产过程中排出的有害重金属离子废水日益增加.寻找较为廉价的废水净化材料,对其中有害重金属离子的有效处理已成为环境保护中亟待解决的问题.廉价吸附剂的使用取代了目前成本较高的从溶液中回收重金属离子的方法,同时吸附剂改性会大大提高其吸附量.阐述了壳聚糖、海泡石、膨润土、海藻和泥炭等结构组成、吸附和离子交换性能等,报道廉价吸附剂对一些重金属离子的最大吸附量是:796 mg Pb/g壳聚糖,1123 mg Hg/g壳聚糖,92 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g壳聚糖,76 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g泥炭,41 mg Pb/g膨润土,558 mg Cd/g壳聚糖,215 mg Cd/g海藻.由此展现了廉价吸附剂在重金属离子废水处理过程中的巨大优势和良好的发展前景.     

分散液液微萃取技术在环境金属离子分析中的影响因素及应用

分散液液微萃取技术作为新型的样品前处理技术,由于其具有操作简便、费用低、富集倍数高等优点,已得到广泛认可和应用。文章综述了近5年来分散液液微萃取技术在环境金属离子分析中的进展,特别叙述了分析过程中的影响因素以及在环境分析中的应用,对此方法的原理作了简要介绍。     

齐齐哈尔市春季PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

2014年4—6月,在齐齐哈尔大学设立采样点,采集PM2.5样品。采用离子色谱法测定其中的主要水溶性无机离子,分析主要组成及污染来源。结果表明,齐齐哈尔市春季PM2.5平均质量浓度为46μg/m3,水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度为20.67μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的42.82%。齐齐哈尔市PM2.5中二次组分主要以酸式硫酸盐形式存在。来源分析发现,PM2.5主要来源于移动源(如汽车尾气)、生物质燃烧及垃圾焚烧、固定源(化石燃料燃烧)、土壤及建筑尘。     

沈阳市城区采暖期PM2.5中水溶性离子的化学特征

2013年11月—2014年3月采暖期在沈阳市沈河区设置采样点采集环境空气中的PM2.5。利用离子色谱法测定PM2.5中水溶性无机离子,分析PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的组成和污染特征等。结果表明,沈阳市冬季采暖期PM2.5平均质量浓度为106μg/m3,PM2.5中总水溶性离子占PM2.5的比例为41.7%,含量较高的二次离子依次为SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4,三者均有较好的相关性,SO2-4以(NH4)2SO4形式存在,采暖期PM2.5偏酸性。