外秦淮河生态护坡挺水植物适应性试验研究

针对外秦淮河的污染状况，采用挺水植物菖蒲和狭叶香蒲进行试验，对外秦淮河的污染水质进行净化；同时进行两种挺水植物在外秦淮河当前水质下的耐淹没性试验。通过试验研究得出，在深秋季节，虽然菖蒲和狭叶香蒲两种植物已经处于生长周期的最后阶段，但是对外秦淮河污染水质仍然有较好的净化效果，对TP、TN、氨氮等的去除率能达到80％以上，对CODMn的去除率偏低。而且通过净化和耐淹试验中两种植物的对比．菖蒲比狭叶香蒲更能适应外秦淮河的水质状况。     

宝鸡市绿植叶片重金属空间分布及污染特征

绿化植物作为城市灰尘重金属污染物的重要承载体,在反映污染指标和生物富集方面有巨大潜力,对改善城市人居环境质量和城市园林规划具有重要意义.为定量描述宝鸡市城区10种优势绿植叶片重金属污染程度、空间分布及对灰尘的富集特征,采集并测定了宝鸡市区0、1和3m高度上、156个叶片样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd和As这8种元素的含量,并计算其生物富集系数（BCF）、污染负荷指数（PLI）与潜在生态风险指数（RI）.结果表明,宝鸡城区绿植叶片中富集最多的元素是Cr、As、Ni、Pb和Cd.沿阶草中Cr、Ni和As含量最高,女贞叶片中的Cd、塔松叶片中的Pb、Ni和As含量较高.BCF结果显示,三叶草、女贞和石楠对Cd有显著富集能力.在空间分布上,Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn元素含量均随高度增加而递减,其中Cr元素递减率达24%,千河工业园、任家湾火车站及市政府周围为含量峰值区,PLI在任家湾火车站、千河工业区出现中度污染,RI值在这两区域为中度生态风险等级,同时在高新大道沿线达到较强生态风险等级.在绿植叶片中,Cr和As的PLI值都>3,均达到重度污染水平.E_rⁱ的平均值大小顺序为：As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Zn > Cu,Cd和As是最具生态危害的元素.8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI范围为10.58~2982.72,样点中有18.59%的RI值高于150,表明研究区总体上处于中等风险等级.本研究结果对工业城市重金属污染治理及绿植遴选具有一定的理论和实践参考价值.     

固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水尺度提升研究

论文以科尔沁沙地主要固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,基于生长季典型枝条茎流的逐日动态观测数据,以黄柳茎干截面积和小叶锦鸡儿叶面积实测数据为扩展纯量,实现了由枝条茎流向灌丛群落蒸腾耗水的尺度提升。结果表明：生长季黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿群落的蒸腾耗水量分别为287.26 mm和197.23 mm,黄柳的耐旱性相对较低。采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出同时期两种植被群落的蒸散量分别为328.70 mm和233.15 mm。日蒸腾耗水量与日蒸散量变化趋势基本一致,两种植被的决定系数分别为0.717 3和0.678 7。论文所建立的尺度提升方法在荒漠化灌木植被蒸腾耗水估算方面行之有效,可为科学选育和管理固沙植被、确定合理造林密度等提供参考依据。     

Responses of nymphs of desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria to volatiles of plants used as rearing diet

Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. Nyangumi),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

不同栽植代数杉木林凋落物特性的比较

在全国杉木中心产区福建建瓯 ,选择不同栽植代数、不同发育阶段的杉木人工林 ,进行凋落物特性的比较研究 .结果表明 :不同栽植代数杉木林凋落物年产量有显著差异 ,表现出随栽植代数增加而减少的趋势 .不同栽植代数杉木林的凋落物组成、凋落动态及其分解速率差异不明显 .但杉木刚掉落凋落物与地面凋落物的分解状况存在明显差异 ,刚掉落凋落物的分解速率明显低于地面凋落物 ,而且刚掉落杉木凋落物的周转期高于地面凋落物 ,因此在杉木林地上随意选取凋落物样品进行凋落物分解试验 ,不能反映整个林分凋落物的分解状况 .图 2表 5参 2 4     

Cd and Zn Concentration in Hybrid Poplar Foliage and Leaf Beetles Grown on Polluted Sediment-Derived Soils

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations of hybrid poplars commonlyplanted on sediment-derived soils were assessed in field circumstances. Selected sites covered a range of soil types andplantation characteristics. Reference data for foliar concentrations were established from samples taken in a tree-nursery. Even in the reference situation a large variationin foliar Cd and Zn concentrations was observed, with relative standard deviations in the order of 15%. Foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in poplars growing on sediment-derived soils increased during the growing season. The accumulation rate was markedly higher on polluted sediment-derived soils than in thereference situation. Poplars grown on polluted sedimentderived soils showed elevated and deviating foliar Cd and Znconcentrations (>7.5 mg Cd kg^-1 DW and 320 mg Zn kg^-1 DW). A thin unpolluted covering layer did not influence foliarconcentrations. Regardless of site characteristics, poplarage, species or clone, a significant positive relation wasfound between soil and foliar concentration for Zn and to alesser extent for Cd. Bioconcentration factors for Cd and Znwere higher than one in baseline situations, but mostly lowerthan one on polluted sediment-derived soils. Cd:Zn ratio wason the average twice as high as in the soil. Leaf beetlesshowed normal body concentrations for Zn, but higher Cdconcentrations than in reference situations. BCFs were lowerthan one on sediment-derived soils. Foliar results indicateda possible threat in long-term habitat development of poplarplantations. This conclusion was confirmed by the significanthigher Cd concentrations in leaf beetles grown on poplarswith deviant foliar concentrations. However, litterdecomposition rates were generally evaluated as normal.     

云南菊科入侵物种与本地共生物种光合特性比较

为了探求菊科入侵植物的入侵机制,了解菊科入侵植物与非入侵植物光合特性的差异,以云南省包括薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)、紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)、飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)在内的4种菊科入侵物种为研究对象,并以与其共生的菊科外来非入侵物种熊耳草(Ageratum houstonianum)为对照,研究外来入侵物种与非入侵物种叶片特性及气体交换参数等方面的区别. 结果表明:薇甘菊、紫茎泽兰、飞机草和三叶鬼针草的P_nmax(maximum net photosynthetic rate, 最大净光合速率)分别为15.92、18.69、17.15和22.78 μmol/(m2·s),分别比其共生非入侵物种熊耳草的高出21.63%、42.77%、31.02%和73.99%;4种入侵物种的LSP(light saturation point, 光饱和点)和LCP(light compensation point, 光补偿点)也显著高于熊耳草,但其AQY(apparent quantum yield, 表观量子效率)却显著低于该共生种. 4种入侵物种叶片的N_mass(leaf N content per unit mass, 单位质量N含量)和CC_mass(leaf construction cost per unit mass, 单位质量建成成本)均显著高于熊耳草,除飞机草外,其他3种入侵物种的PEUE(photosynthetic energy use efficiency, 光合能量利用效率)和PNUE(photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, 光合氮利用效率)均显著高于熊耳草,而飞机草和熊耳草之间差异并不显著. 5种植物叶片N_mass分别与叶片SLA(specific leaf area,比叶面积)、CC_mass呈极显著正相关,与植物P_nmax、叶片P_mass(leaf N content per unit mass, 单位质量P含量)和PEUE呈显著正相关,植物P_nmax与PNUE、PEUE呈极显著正相关,与叶片SLA呈显著正相关. 研究显示,与菊科共生外来非入侵植物相比,较高的光合特性参数、叶片特性指标和能量利用效率指标可能是外来菊科入侵物种成功入侵的原因之一.      

豆腐柴叶蛋白营养及安全性研究

对以豆腐柴（Ｐｒｅｍｎａｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｅｌａ）叶为原料制作的叶“豆腐”的营养价值及安全性进行综合评价，为我国资源植物豆腐柴叶的开发提供可行性参考．