“最小存活种群”和“种群生存力分析”理论在生物多样性评价中的应用——以黔北20万吨/年竹浆林一体化工程中原料林基地建设工程为例

概述了“最小存活种群”和“种群生存力分析”概念、产生过程、研究内容及在生物多样性保护中的应用步骤,并运用该理论,以敏感种豹为关键种,分析了黔北新建20万吨/年竹浆林一体化工程中原料林基地建设工程对拟建项目区生物多样性的影响。分析结果表明,如原料林基地远离豹的栖息地,则栖息地面积尚可满足对豹短期保护（50代）的要求。因此,原料林基地的建设对绝大多数野生动物的影响不大,项目区的生物多样性是可以维持的。     

官渡区城市森林建设实践与生态效益分析

介绍了官渡区城市森林建设实践,分析了官渡区城市森林综合效益,并提出了提高官渡区城市森林效益的措施。     

九龙江流域森林生态修复模式建立与评价

通过对九龙江上游流域森林生态环境现状调查分析,表明：九龙江上游流域森林生态系统仍然脆弱,森林结构不舍理,林种、树种、龄级结构比例失调;林分总体质量下降,并严重导致为空间分布不均衡的破碎性和单一性的残次林;森林资源管护机制不落实,环境污染和“青山挂白”急待绿化整治。按照“绿、亮、美”要求和以人为本的原则,建立了适宜九龙江上游流域森林生态修复模式,并对实施效果进行评价。     

淇澳岛红树林生态系统中重金属含量相关性

采集珠海淇澳岛北部大围湾的红树林区潮间带沉积物和植物组织样品若干,测定各样品中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的含量,四种重金属含量在各沉积物中、各植物组织中以及沉积物和植物组织之间的相关性。研究表明,沉积物中Pb和Zn含量呈极强正相关,Pb、Zn与Cd含量之间呈强正相关,其他各类重金属之间的相关性不显著。四种重金属与沉积物颗粒形态相关性均不显著。红树植物各组织对四种重金属的富集系数范围为0.001~0.72,0.006~0.39,0.053~1.97和0.004~0.24,富集能力与林龄正相关,其中对Zn、Cd和Pb的富集系数与土壤中含量呈负相关,表明在过高重金属污染胁迫的环境中红树植物有自行降低富集能力以避免被伤害的趋势。     

Soil hydraulic response to land-use change associated with the recent soybean expansion at the Amazon agricultural frontier

Clearing for large-scale soy production and the displacement of cattle-breeding by soybeans are major features of land-use change in the lowland Amazon that can alter hydrologic properties of soils and the runoff generation over large areas. We measured infiltrability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) under natural forest, pasture, and soybeans on Oxisols in a region of rapid soybean expansion in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The forest-pasture conversion reduced infiltrability from 1258 to 100 mm/h and Ksat at all depths. The pasture-soy conversion increased infiltrability from 100 to 469 mm/h (attributed to shallow disking), did not affect Ksat at 12.5 cm, but decreased Ksat at 30 cm from 122 to 80 mm/h, suggesting that soybean cultivation enhances subsoil compaction. Permeability decreased markedly with depth under forest, did not change under pasture, and averaged out at one fourth the forest value under soybeans with a similar pattern of anisotropy. Comparisons of permeability with rainfall intensities indicated that land-use change did not alter the predominantly vertical water movement within the soil. We conclude that this landscape is well buffered against land-use changes regarding near-surface hydrology, even though short-lived ponding and perched water tables may occur locally during high-intensity rainfall on pastures and under soybeans.     

Forest soil CO2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition

We report on the effects of forest management practices of understory removal and N-fixing species (Cassia alata) addition on soil CO2 fluxes in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (EUp), Acacia crassicarpa plantation (ACp), 10-species-mixed plantation (Tp), and 30-species-mixed plantation (THp) using the static chamber method in southern China. Four forest management treatments, including (1) understory removal (UR); (2) C. alata addition (CA); (3) understory removal and replacement with C. alata (UR+CA); and (4) control without any disturbances (CK), were applied in the above four forest plantations with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that soil CO2 fluxes rates remained at a high level during the rainy season (from April to September), followed by a rapid decrease after October reaching a minimum in February. Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in EUp (132.6 mg/(m2·hr)) and ACp (139.8 mg/(m2·hr)) than in Tp (94.0 mg/(m2·hr)) and THp (102.9 mg/(m2·hr)). Soil CO2 fluxes in UR and CA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the four treatments, with values of 105.7, 120.4, 133.6 and 112.2 mg/(m2·hr) for UR+CA, UR, CA and CK, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01), soil moisture (P < 0.01), NO3?-N (P < 0.05), and litterfall (P < 0.01), indicating that all these factors might be important controlling variables for soil CO2 fluxes. This study sheds some light on our understanding of soil CO2 flux dynamics in forest plantations under various management practices.     

基于CVM的宁波天童天然林碳汇贸易研究

以宁波天童天然林为例,探讨了将天然林碳汇纳入碳汇贸易的方法和途径,采用条件价值评估法(CVM)估算了天童天然林碳汇价值,并探讨了天然林碳汇贸易的可行性.结果表明:(1)与人工林碳汇相比,天然林碳汇在数量、生态功能和保育价值方面具优势,将天然林碳汇纳入碳汇贸易,是对现有人工林碳汇贸易的有益补充;(2)公众对碳汇贸易普遍持...     

浅析我国森林生态效益补偿制度

概述了中国森林生态效益补偿研究的发展历程和总体状况,通过对森林生态效益补偿制度的回顾、补偿现状的描述,综述相关文献分析了森林生态效益补偿制度存在的一些问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

杨树人工林碳循环对淹水的响应

本文采用涡度相关方法对安徽怀宁杨树人工林的碳通量进行监测,得到微气象数据和通量数据。通过坐标旋转、密度校正和数据插补处理提高数据质量。选取2005年9月淹水期间的数据。分六个阶段进行分析。得到以下结果：（1）在半小时尺度上,在淹水期表观量子效率α随着土壤含水量SWC上升而降低;在未淹水期最大。为-0．0023μmolphoton^-1;退水期最低,为-0．00122mgCO2μmolphoton^-1,退水后恢复到-0,00168mgCO2μmolphoton^-1;α在淹水中2期降低速率最大,在整个淹水期间α的恢复速率是大于降低速率的。（2）生态系统总初级生产力（GEP）在淹水后不断降低．耒淹水期为8．0gCm^-2day^-1．退水后为4．7gCm^-2day^-1,在淹水中2期降幅是最大的达到了16％。（3）生态系统呼吸（Reco）在完全被水淹的第一天降到最低,仅为2．2gCm^-2day^-1;由于温度的影响其变化规律比较复杂。在淹水中2期的变化幅度是最大的;退水后Reco为4．2gCm^-2day^-1恢复到来淹水前的87％。（4）淹水期净生态系统CO2交换量（NEE）的变化表现为先上升后下降的趋势,在淹水中1期最大为-4．2gCm^-2day^-1。退水后最低。为0．6gCm^-2day^-1是未淹水前的17％。     

Possible use of Lingula sp. (Phylum Brachiopoda) as a dissemination strategy to promote sustainable development in Fangchenggang mangrove,China

The economic marketability of a brachiopod, Lingula was studied at three coastal mangrove sites, specifically based on socioeconomic parameters from 10 villages that utilized Lingula along Pearl Bay, Beilun Estuary Marine Nature Reserve, China. The significantly highest density of Lingula was at Jiao Dong (48.2 ± 35.14 individual/m²) whereas the biomass of Lingula was highest (0.76 ± 0.22 g/individual) at Gui Lao Bu. The shell size of the largest specimen was still less than that in other references. The socioeconomic study of the population related to Lingula involved a small group, and no relationship could be determined among the parameters of age range, education level, occupation, and financial status. The total economic value (320,927.4 Yuan) was based on the value of consumption whereas the value from sales was very low as recorded from Shan Xin over a three-month season. Analysis of the results to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats was undertaken to identify the potential of Lingula sp. to be promoted and supported in the market as a novel source of income for the local community who are associated with mangrove resources; and also to examine its potential as a new food source for the rapidly growing population of China.