Temporal variability in 20 chemical elements content of Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) collected from two sites over a few years

Mature specimens of Parasol Mushroom were collected annually in the outskirts of the Siemiany (2000–2003) and Rafa (2001–2003) sites in the northern part of Poland to examine temporal variations and similarities in the composition of 20 chemical elements. Analysis was done under the same condition and using well-validated analytical methods. Elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy and cold vapour–atomic absorption spectroscopy (Hg). The ranges of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn concentrations in the caps of fruiting bodies were similar (p > 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test) for both geographically distant sites, and these specimens from Rafa were more contaminated with Pb (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test). The annual collections of caps in the Siemiany site varied in Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Na, Rb and Sr and contents (0.05 < p < 0.001), while they were similar in Cr, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn (p > 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test). The annual collections of specimens from the Rafa site varied in contents of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, P, Rb and Zn (p > 0.05), while they were similar in Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Na, Ni, Pb and Sr (p < 0.05). The results of this study imply that metallic elements content of Parasol Mushroom collected at the same undisrupted sites, and hence keeping the same geochemical condition for mushroom development and fructification (the same stands and probably the same mycelia), can fluctuate over the years or the life-span of mycelium. Hence, when assessing the nutritional value of essential metallic elements and status of non-essential or toxic metallic elements in Parasol's Mushroom caps (and probably also of other mushrooms species) to man, the possible fluctuation in contents over time have to be taken into account.     

Influence of foliar morphology and crown geometry on insecticide deposition and dissipation following an aerial spray over a mixed forest

Abstract

Deposition and dissipation of aerially sprayed phosphamidon insecticide over a mixed forest consisting of different species of coniferous and deciduous trees were studied. The data showed that the chemical deposited more and dissipated slower from deciduous foliage than from conifer needles. Differences in deposits and persistence were also found within each of the two foliar types. Leaf shape and orientation, crown geometry and foliar morphology appear to have played a role. No correlation was found between initial deposit levels and cuticular wax content of different foliar species. A controlled laboratory study showed that surface area/mass ratio played a more important role on initial deposits than pubescence/serrations present on foliar surfaces.     

Expansion of the MANAGE Database with Forest and Drainage Studies

The “Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments” (MANAGE) database was published in 2006 to expand an early 1980s compilation of nutrient export (load) data from cultivated and pasture/range land at the field or farm scale. Then in 2008, MANAGE was updated with 15 additional studies, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in runoff were added. Since then, MANAGE has undergone significant expansion adding N and P water quality along with relevant management and site characteristic data from: (1) 30 runoff studies from forested land uses, (2) 91 drainage water quality studies from drained land, and (3) 12 additional runoff studies from cultivated and pasture/range land uses. In this expansion, an application timing category was added to the existing fertilizer data categories (rate, placement, formulation) to facilitate analysis of 4R Nutrient Stewardship, which emphasizes right fertilizer source, rate, time, and place. In addition, crop yield and N and P uptake data were added, although this information was only available for 21 and 7% of studies, respectively. Inclusion of these additional data from cultivated, pasture/range, and forest land uses as well as artificially drained agricultural land should facilitate expanded spatial analyses and improved understanding of regional differences, management practice effectiveness, and impacts of land use conversions and management techniques. The current version is available at www.ars.usda.gov/spa/manage-nutrient .     

模拟酸雨对峨眉山冷杉林土壤特性的研究

本文采用模拟酸雨方法,考察了峨眉山不同区域冷杉生长正常区和受害区的土壤样品,在酸沉降影响下,土壤特性所发生的改变,测定了土壤酸碱度及主要元素含量。同时以未受到酸沉降侵蚀的贡嗄山土样作为对照点,探讨由酸沉降所造成的土壤酸化,进而引起土壤特性改变与冷杉生长间的关系。     

溧阳地区森林景观的生态系统多样性研究

根据历史数据计算了溧阳地区森林景观变化过程中的生态系统多样性指数值,分析了其发展趋势,并结合其他相关资料分析区域森林生态系统多样性的变化,及其与森林经营的经济效果间的关系。     

广东和海南红树林的生物地球化学特征

本文研究了广东和海南红树林的土壤,植物叶子和死地被物的化学成分以及它们之间的相互关系,并与相同地区的一些植物群落进行比较,从而探讨红树林的生物地球化学特征。结果表明,红树林的土壤和植物的某些化学成分含量较高,尤其是Na和Ca的含量较为突出。另外,虽然海岸带海水的pH＞8,土壤都呈酸性。红树林的养分利用率只有N较高,其余大多数元素都较低。红树林的生物吸收率和生物归还率通常也较低,但其大多数元素的生物分解率则较高。     

随机森林理论及其在水文地质领域的研究进展

随机森林理论是近年来快速发展的一种人工智能集成学习算法,由于其对数据系列中异常值的容忍度较高,且预测结果准确度显著高于其他常用算法,在以水文地质领域为代表的自然科学研究中的应用越来越广泛.本文在介绍随机森林算法理论和应用方法的基础上,结合国外内已有研究成果,分析其在地下水潜力评估、地表水-地下水转化、地下水水质评价和地下水污染预测等水文地质领域的应用效果,对随机森林理论在水文地质领域的应用前景和进一步发展的方向进行了讨论.结果表明,随机森林理论可以有效解决水文地质领域研究中的参数和过程不确定性问题,在水文地质结构精确刻画、水文地质参数准确反演、水文地质过程的描述均具有广阔的应用前景.     

特金罕山森林生态系统自然保护区规划研究

本文阐述了建立特金罕山自然保护区的目的、意义和保护对象,对自然保护区的现状进行了详细评价,得出了基本具备省级自然保护区条件的结论。阐述了特金罕山自然保护区规划的原则、目标及功能分区,对自然保护区进行了规划研究。     

红壤丘陵区不同森林恢复类型土壤种子库特征研究

研究采用野外取样和室内萌发相结合的方法对湖南红壤丘陵区4种森林恢复类型下土壤种子库进行了比较研究。主要结论为:①草本植物是4种森林类型土壤种子库物种组成和个体数量的主要组成部分,其比例分别达61.9％-86.67％和49.82％-87.27％。4种植被类型种子库密度大小为:杉木林>湿地松林>油茶林>天然次生林;②天然次生林的灌木和乔木植物种子种类与数量多于人工林;③湿地松人工林和杉木人工林的人工抚育导致部分种子埋藏在土壤较深层,土壤8-20cm中种子数分别占种子库的33.09％和26.64％;④对于土壤种子库的物种多样性,天然次生林显著大于人工林,干扰少的油茶林大于干扰较多的湿地松林和杉木林,天然次生林最有利于该区域植物物种多样性的维持与保护;⑤不同森林恢复类型下种子库中种子来源不一致,湿地松林和杉木林土壤种子库中的物种与地表植物物种较一致,共有物种比例达69.2％和43.8％,而油茶林和天然次生林种子库中的物种与地上植被的种类组成差异较大,共有物种比例仅为26.7％和33.3％。研究结果表明,从物种丰富度与群落结构复杂性来看,我国南方红壤丘陵区森林恢复类型以自然恢复最优。对人工林的抚育方式,该区域采用的“全抚”将增加种子库的损失,不利于植被的恢复。     

模拟酸雨对毛竹阔叶林过渡带土壤真菌结构及其多样性的影响

为探究酸雨对毛竹扩张形成的竹阔混交林土壤真菌群落的影响程度,于2017～2018年在浙江省杭州临安天目山国家级自然保护区开展酸雨模拟实验,选取T1(pH=4.0)和T2(pH=2.5)两个模拟酸雨梯度,并以CK(pH=5.5)对照,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同强度酸雨胁迫下,土壤真菌群落多样性变化及影响因素.结果表明与对照相比,T1处理显著提高了真菌群落的OTU数量、Chao1指数和Ace指数(P0.05).竹阔混交林土壤主要由13个门类群的菌群组成,优势菌群包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和毛霉门(Mucoromycota).主坐标(PCoA)分析和相似性检验结果表明模拟酸雨改变了土壤真菌结构.Bifiguratu属、Geminibasidium属、Purpureocillium属和Oidiodendron属相对丰度变化显著,可作为酸雨胁迫下土壤真菌群落结构变化的指示种.冗余分析(RDA)和相关性分析表明,土壤pH和全氮对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,酸雨提高了真菌群落多样性指数,改变土壤真菌群落结构.该研究结果有助于了解森林生态系统中的真菌群落,以及土壤真菌作为影响因子在预测环境变异中的作用.