Rates of particulate pollution deposition onto leaf surfaces: Temporal and inter-species magnetic analyses

Evaluation of health impacts arising from inhalation of pollutant particles <10 μm (PM₁₀) is an active research area. However, lack of exposure data at high spatial resolution impedes identification of causal associations between exposure and illness. Biomagnetic monitoring of PM₁₀ deposited on tree leaves may provide a means of obtaining exposure data at high spatial resolution. To calculate ambient PM₁₀ concentrations from leaf magnetic values, the relationship between the magnetic signal and total PM₁₀ mass must be quantified, and the exposure time (via magnetic deposition velocity (MV_d) calculations) known. Birches display higher MV_d (∼5 cm⁻¹) than lime trees (∼2 cm⁻¹). Leaf saturation remanence values reached ‘equilibrium’ with ambient PM₁₀ concentrations after ∼6 ‘dry’ days (<3 mm/day rainfall). Other co-located species displayed within-species consistency in MV_d; robust inter-calibration can thus be achieved, enabling magnetic PM₁₀ biomonitoring at unprecedented spatial resolution.     

Free radicals and chromosome aberrations in leaves of woody plants as a test system for the genotoxicity of the urban environment

A new method for estimating the genotoxicity of the urban environment is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the lipid peroxidation (LPO) rate in leaves of woody plants. The mutagenicity of the urban environment was estimated using standard test systems, including plant root meristem (kidney beans germinated in water with suspended particles collected at different points along the Temernik River) and the Ames test (silt samples were tested). Sensitivities of elm, willow, and poplar leaf meristem cells to unidentified environmental mutagenes were compared. Frequencies of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in leaves of woody plants growing at different points along the Temernik River within the Rostov-on-Don city districts differed from those in the control zone. The frequency of CAs was found to correlate with the concentration of LPO products. This allows a biochemical estimation of the malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in woody plants to be used as an express test for the mutagenicity of environmental factors. An advantage of the proposed test is the possibility of monitoring the level of unidentified environmental mutagens over many years, independently of its sporadic temporal variations.     

镉对小麦叶片DNA伤害的彗星实验研究

为了建立植物基因毒性的研究方法 ,以小麦为对象 ,进行了植物彗星实验方法的研究 .以 0 1mg·L- 1 的Cd2 + 溶液处理小麦叶片后 ,采用机械方法分离细胞核 ,制备玻片后变性 0 ,5 ,15 ,3 0min ,在 10 0 ,2 0 0 ,3 0 0mA下电泳 5 ,15 ,3 0min .实验结果表明 ,采用机械分离的方法可以获得大量的、能够进行彗星实验的细胞核 ,增加DNA的变性时间、电泳电流大小和电泳时间可以增加DNA片段在电场中的迁移 ,提高实验的灵敏度 ,但变性时间和电泳时间过长增加了对照处理DNA片段的迁移 .因此 ,本实验提出了小麦叶片彗星实验的最佳条件是DNA变性 15min ,3 0 0mA下电泳 15min ,并在该条件下研究了重金属镉对小麦的基因损伤 .结果表明 ,重金属镉能引起小麦基因的损伤 ,并随镉浓度的增加伤害程度加大     

荆州大气氟污染与植物叶片含氟量监测分析

本研究对荆州市区内的多种植物叶片含氟量进行了测定 ,同步测定了大气的氟污染状况 ,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明 ,荆州市部分区域存在一定程度氟污染 ,不同区域及不同植物叶片含氟量有明显的差异 ,叶片氟累积量与大气中氟含量呈显著的正相关。     

城市道路植物圆柏叶片重金属含量及其与滞尘的关系

为研究植物叶片重金属含量与滞尘之间的关系,对青岛市区道路绿化树种——圆柏（Sabinachinensis）叶片中Pb、zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属含量及其滞尘特征进行了系统分析,并在此基础上探讨了两者之间的关系。结果表明：不同距离和高度处的叶片Pb、Zn含量差异显著,与距离和高度呈负相关关系;叶片Cu含量与高度负相关,与距离相关性不显著;Cd含量则与距离和高度均没有显著相关关系。距离和高度对滞尘量有显著影响,而两者的交互作用对滞尘量的影响不显著,随着距离和高度的增加滞尘量逐渐减少。叶面尘中Pb、Zn含量空间分布差异较大,而Cu、Cd含量分布差异不显著。叶片重金属含量与相对应的叶面尘重金属含量之间具有显著正相关关系,除Cd以外叶片重金属含量与滞尘量之间也表现出不同程度的正相关关系。     

Determination of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey

The concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper in roadside soil and plants in Elazig, Turkey were investigated. Soil samples were collected at distances of 0, 25 and 50 m from the roadside. The concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). A slotted tube atom trap (STAT) was used to increase the sensitivity of lead and cadmium in FAAS. Lead concentrations in soil samples varied from 1.3 to 45 mg kg⁻¹ while mean lead levels in plants ranged from120 ng g⁻¹ for grape in point-4 to 866 ng g⁻¹ for apple leaves in point-2. Lead analyses showed that there was a considerable contamination in both soil and plants affected from traffic intensity. Overall level of Cd in soil samples lies between 78 and 527 ng/g while cadmium concentration in different vegetations varied in the range of 0.8–98.0 ng g⁻¹. Concentrations of copper in soil and plant samples were found in the range of 11.1–27.9 mg kg⁻¹ for soil and 0.8–5.6 mg kg⁻¹ for plants. Standard reference material (SRM) was used to find the accuracy of the results of soil analyses.     

玉米叶对我国几种典型赤潮藻生长的影响研究

研究了玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)和球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长的影响,以期为筛选新的、无污染的、廉价高效的除藻剂提供思路,为不同的有害赤潮的治理提供参考.结果表明,玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻、海洋卡盾藻、赤潮异弯藻、东海原甲藻和球形棕囊藻生长的影响明显不同.玉米叶可显著抑制塔玛亚历山大藻、海洋卡盾藻和赤潮异弯藻的生长,但对东海原甲藻生长的影响不大,对球形棕囊藻的生长则有显著的促进作用.这些结果表明,玉米叶对赤潮藻生长的抑制作用存在一定的选择性,这种选择性与藻的种属与细胞结构并无明显的相关性.     

扎龙湿地芦苇叶片结构与生境关系的研究

本文分别对扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇叶片的上、下表皮及横切面结构进行了细致的观察、比较和分析。结果表明:不同生境中的芦苇表现出不同的适应其生境的特征,主要表现在表皮细胞大小、气孔大小、数量、气孔在叶表面的覆盖面积以及表皮毛的有无上。芦苇在进化过程中为适应不同的生境形成了不同的叶片显微结构。     

垂直面绿化植物叶片遮阳系数的确定

在建筑物垂直面绿化研究中，考虑植物的叶片遮阳系数与农，林业中常用到的顺面积指数LAI不同，而是一个由叶片倾角，太阳光线入射角与叶面积指数决定的函数，在文中首次定义该影响系数为垂直面积植物叶片遮阳系数，推导求出该系数的函数定义关系式，测定了常用的攀缘类植物爬山虎的叶面积指数。     

植物叶钾离子渗出量在大气质量评价中的应用--Ⅱ.利用叶片K+渗出量和含硫量监测大气SO2污染的比较研究

以加拿大杨(Populus Canadensis)为材料,经熏气证实,SO₂浓度与叶片含硫量及K⁺渗出量之间呈密切正相关。按污染指数(IPC)法和统计法(μ+s)划分四个污染等级,用以评价沈阳市SO₂污染,K⁺渗出量法较叶片含硫量法更接近理化监测值。按95%置信度绘制预测图,经精度分析,K⁺渗出量法较叶片含硫量法更为精确。