外源水溶性有机物对生菜积累重金属Pb、Cd的影响

以城市生活污泥及其蚓粪(蚯蚓处理过的污泥)中提取的水溶性有机物(DOM)为研究对象,研究了DOM对土壤吸持重金属Pb、Cd的影响,同时进行盆栽试验,研究污泥和蚓粪水溶性有机物存在下生菜对重金属Pb、Cd的积累。结果表明:与对照相比,外源DOM的加入可以降低土壤对重金属Pb、Cd的吸附能力。不同来源的DOM对土壤吸附重金属的影响存在差异,相同DOM浓度下,源于蚓粪的DOM比源于污泥的DOM更能抑制土壤对重金属Pb和Cd的吸附。外源DOM的加入可增强土壤重金属Pb、Cd的活性,促进植物对重金属的吸收与积累。     

Phytoavaelability and extractability of copper and zinc in calcareous soil amended with composted Urban wastes

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large‐capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air‐dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^‐1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co‐composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW‐SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW‐SS co‐compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA‐extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA‐extractable and AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. The values of DTPA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost.     

Fate of 14C‐allylalcohol herbicide in soils and crop residues

Abstract

Residue disappearance and leaching of ¹⁴C‐allyl‐alcohol from different soils were studied in laboratory experiments. Additionally, the uptake of residues by lettuce and carrots was investigated in the greenhouse. In laboratory experiments, residue disappearance and leaching from soils was correlated negatively to the organic matter content. In greenhouse experiments with a sandy loam soil at an application rate normally used in practice, an average of 12.5 % of the applied radioactivity was recovered after an eight day interval between application and sowing. Furthermore, an average of 8 % (sum in soil and plants) of the applied radioactivity was recovered after lettuce or carrot growing. Uptake of residues was higher by carrots than by lettuce, and higher by lettuce roots than by lettuce tops. No bioaccumulation was observed. The residues in soils and plants were, to a high percentage, unextractable and, to a smaller extent, fully water‐soluble products. Unchanged allylalcohol could not be detected by the analytical methods used.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

重金属钝化剂阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性和适用性

利用重金属钝化剂阻控蔬菜吸收重金属是治理中轻度重金属污染菜地和保障蔬菜安全生产的重要举措.以重金属固定细菌Bacillus megaterium N3（N3）、稻壳生物炭（BC）、羊粪有机肥（SM）、菌株N3联合生物炭（BC+N3）和菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥（SM+N3）为重金属钝化剂,采用盆栽试验连续种植生菜3次,而只在种植第1次时施重金属钝化剂,研究不同处理对生菜吸收Cd的影响及其功能的稳定性,并利用动态加权综合函数评估这几种钝化材料的综合适用性.结果表明,第1次种植生菜时,与对照相比,所有重金属钝化剂均能显著降低（61.2%~81%）生菜可食用部分Cd的含量.而在第3次种植生菜中,只有菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的处理能显著降低生菜对Cd的吸收,这表明菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性最好.利用动态加权综合函数,从新鲜生菜可食用部分Cd含量、土壤有效态Cd含量、每亩产量和每亩修复成本等4个方面进行综合评价.结果显示,菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的综合适用性最好,其次是羊粪有机肥、菌株N3联合生物炭和生物炭,而菌株N3的综合评价效果最差.本研究结果为重金属污染菜地钝化修复提供理论依据和技术支撑.     

蒙脱石对污染土壤中Cu、细菌群落及生菜生长的影响

为探究蒙脱石（Montmorillonite,MM）对污染土壤中Cu、细菌群落和生菜生长的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu含量(100、200、400 mg·kg^-1)及在5种MM添加水平（0、2%、4%、6%和8%,质量分数）下的盆栽试验.结果表明,土壤Cu含量分别为100、200和400 mg·kg^-1时,6%MM、8%MM和8%MM施加量均可促进生菜生长,且体内Cu含量最低,相对于CK处理（CK100、CK200和CK400）,生菜中Cu含量分别降低了18.1%、12.8%和11.5%.适宜的MM可显著降低土壤中Cu的可利用形态.MM能改变土壤细菌群落的组成和结构,如Sphingomonas、Streptomyces、Bacillus等有益细菌属的相对丰度升高.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Sphingomonas、Bacillus、Streptomyces通过调节土壤pH、Cu形态、NH₄⁺-N含量来减少Cu在植物中的累积从而促进植株的逆境生长.本研究结果可为不同程度土壤Cu污染修复提供一定的理论支...     

堆腐城市生活垃圾对莴笋生长影响的主分量分析

在不同的土壤上,城市生活垃圾对莴笋生长的影响不同。在石灰性土壤上,莴笋产量与垃圾用量间的关系符合对数模型,其边际产量随垃圾用量增加而减少,与一般肥料效应相似;而在强酸性土壤上,莴笋产量与垃圾用量间的关系可用抛物线模型模拟,在试验用量范围内,其边际产量随垃圾用量的增加而增加,显著高于一般肥料效应。通过主分量分析,查明垃圾促进莴笋生长的原因如下：①降低土壤粘性;②改善土壤营养条件;③对于酸性土壤,垃圾     

Ambient Air Particulates Bound Mercury Hg(p) Study Among Four Crops (Rice,White Cabbage,Arden Lettuce,and Gynura) at a Characteristic Sampling Site

The main purpose of this study was to monitor ambient air particulates and particulate-bound Hg (Hg[p]) compositions in different crops in the coastal zone in the Taichung, Taiwan, area at a sampling site during 2013 October to 2013 December. In addition, a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80) was used to directly detect the concentration with measured results by the regression equation of Hg in the ambient air. The results indicated that: 1) the mean values of ambient air Hg(p) compositions in rice displayed no significant differences for weeks one, two, and three versus those of the other crops (white cabbage, Arden lettuce, and Gynura procumbens); 2) for white cabbage, the higher the humidity, the lower the average ambient air Hg(p) compositions that were obtained, a phenomenon that was also reflected on the crops of white cabbage and G. procumbens; 3) Arden lettuce displayed no significant differences in the leaf Hg(p) compositions during weeks one, two, and three; however, the stem portions displayed significant differences in Hg(p) compositions during weeks two and three; and 4) the Spearman statistical method showed the mean differences for ambient air Hg(p) at the Long-jing sampling site (coastal regions) with four different crops (rice, white cabbage, Arden lettuce, and Gynura) in central Taiwan. The results further revealed no significant differences in mean values.     

Antibiotic uptake by plants from manure-amended soils

Antibiotics are extensively given to livestock to promote growth and reduce diseases. Therefore, animal manure often contains antibiotics. Once manure is applied to agricultural land to improve soil productivity, crops would be exposed to antibiotics which may persist in soils from a few to several hundred days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the uptake of gentamicin and streptomycin by carrot (Daucus carota), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radish (Rhaphanus sativus) from manure-amended soil. The treatments were 0, 0.5 and 1 mg of antibiotic kg^?1 of soil. Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse. The first was conducted on the three crops and the second exclusively on radish. In radish, the increase in the concentrations of gentamicin was significant between the 0 and both of 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg^?1 treatments, but not significant between the 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg^?1. The average values were 35.5, 60.0 and 57.4 μg kg^?1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg^?1 rates, respectively. However, the increase in streptomycin concentration in radish was not significant between the three treatments, and the average values were, 12.1, 15.2 and 17.4 μg kg^?1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg^?1 rates, respectively. In carrot roots and lettuce leaves no significant increase in the concentrations of gentamicin or streptomycin was observed between the treatments. The three crops absorbed relatively higher amounts of gentamicin (small molecule) than streptomycin (large molecule). Generally the levels of antibiotics in plant tissue increased with increasing the antibiotic concentration in the manure (1 mg kg^?1 > 0.5 mg kg^?1).