Phytoavaelability and extractability of copper and zinc in calcareous soil amended with composted Urban wastes

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large‐capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air‐dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^‐1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co‐composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW‐SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW‐SS co‐compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA‐extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA‐extractable and AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. The values of DTPA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost.     

蒙脱石对污染土壤中Cu、细菌群落及生菜生长的影响

为探究蒙脱石（Montmorillonite,MM）对污染土壤中Cu、细菌群落和生菜生长的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu含量(100、200、400 mg·kg^-1)及在5种MM添加水平（0、2%、4%、6%和8%,质量分数）下的盆栽试验.结果表明,土壤Cu含量分别为100、200和400 mg·kg^-1时,6%MM、8%MM和8%MM施加量均可促进生菜生长,且体内Cu含量最低,相对于CK处理（CK100、CK200和CK400）,生菜中Cu含量分别降低了18.1%、12.8%和11.5%.适宜的MM可显著降低土壤中Cu的可利用形态.MM能改变土壤细菌群落的组成和结构,如Sphingomonas、Streptomyces、Bacillus等有益细菌属的相对丰度升高.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Sphingomonas、Bacillus、Streptomyces通过调节土壤pH、Cu形态、NH₄⁺-N含量来减少Cu在植物中的累积从而促进植株的逆境生长.本研究结果可为不同程度土壤Cu污染修复提供一定的理论支...     

不同有机物料对土壤N2O排放的影响与调控

通过向土壤施加15N标记的莴笋残体(处理R)、废纸浆(处理P)及二者混合物(处理RP),并利用不同的压力使其成为3种不同容重处理的土壤样本,进行密闭培养,定时测定土壤N2O排放量及土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 的动态变化,以探讨N_2O的产生与调控机制.结果表明,8d N2O释放量为R处理最大,RP处理其次,P处理最小.短期内(8d)R处理N2O释放最大量为空白对照(CK)的15倍,增加了土壤反硝化作用;P处理在同期内不能增加N2O释放量,证明这种废纸浆可少量(<2.5%)施用于农田中.RP与CK、P处理比较,可以刺激微生物活性和增加土壤反硝化作用;与R处理相比较,可以增加氮的固定.增加有机质的添加量使同一容重水平的RP处理N2O释放量高于R处理.70%的土壤样本随容重增加N2O释放量增加.土壤容重的增加同时影响了废纸浆的分解速率和土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 浓度.     

高赖氨酸蛋白基因在转基因生菜中的表达和遗传转化

以生菜(LactucasativaL.)为受体材料,将含有高赖氨酸蛋白基因的植物表达载体pLBI用农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化,获得47株转基因生菜植株.PCR和Southern-blotting检测证实目的片段在T0代的整合,RT-PCR检测表明目的基因的转录.T0代植株赖氨酸(Lys)含量的测定分析表明,赖氨酸有不同程度的提高,比对照提高最高的可达9.46%.T1代植株PCR检测证明,目的基因能够遗传.图5表1参25     

肥料组合对生菜硝酸盐和重金属的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同肥料组合处理对生菜硝酸盐和重金属累积的影响。结果表明，加施复合剂的3个处理对生菜硝酸盐的降低效果较好，其中施用双氰胺的组合处理在3个生长时期的降低幅度分别为24％、20．1％、65．4％，降低作用均为最大；施用植物材料处理的生菜Hg质量分数最大，高磷组合处理生菜的Cr、Cd、As和Pb质量分数最大，过磷酸钙增加了Cr、Cd、As和Pb的有效性，氯化钾对重金属影响不明显；仅加施微量元素和施用双氰胺组合处理的卫生品质最好，高磷组合处理卫生品质最差。     

根癌农杆菌介导的高赖氨酸蛋白基因转化叶用莴苣的研究

构建了植物表达载体pLBI，该载体携带35S启动子、高赖氨酸蛋白基因(LRP)、NPTⅡ基因和NOS终止子，对影响根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens L.)转化的多种因素进行探索后，建立了一种农杆菌介导的稳定的叶用莴苣遗传转化系统．选择目前生产上大量推广应用的叶用莴苣品种，以其无菌苗子叶为外植体，经农杆菌LBA4404(含质粒pLBI)感染，在含ρ(Kan)／mgL^-1=100的芽分化培养基上筛选转化芽，转入含相同浓度抗生素的生根培养基上进行生根筛选，直至得到完整的再生植株．PCR扩增及Southern blot的检测结果均表明，高赖氨酸蛋白基因已整合到叶用莴苣基因组中．图4表4参6     

Fate of 14C‐allylalcohol herbicide in soils and crop residues

Abstract

Residue disappearance and leaching of ¹⁴C‐allyl‐alcohol from different soils were studied in laboratory experiments. Additionally, the uptake of residues by lettuce and carrots was investigated in the greenhouse. In laboratory experiments, residue disappearance and leaching from soils was correlated negatively to the organic matter content. In greenhouse experiments with a sandy loam soil at an application rate normally used in practice, an average of 12.5 % of the applied radioactivity was recovered after an eight day interval between application and sowing. Furthermore, an average of 8 % (sum in soil and plants) of the applied radioactivity was recovered after lettuce or carrot growing. Uptake of residues was higher by carrots than by lettuce, and higher by lettuce roots than by lettuce tops. No bioaccumulation was observed. The residues in soils and plants were, to a high percentage, unextractable and, to a smaller extent, fully water‐soluble products. Unchanged allylalcohol could not be detected by the analytical methods used.     

Monitoring toxicity of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal Cu,using plant and animal bioassays

Toxicities of an azo dye methyl red and a heavy metal copper (Cu) were quantified, using growth and mortality as end points, in four plant species and three animal species by subjecting them to short-term (4 days for animals, 10 days for plants) static bioassays. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitch (EC₅₀: 7–16 ppm) was found to be the most sensitive species for methyl red, Ceratophyllum demersum L. (EC₅₀: 25 ppm) and Lactuca sativa L. (EC₅₀: 56 ppm) were intermediate, while Oryza sativa L. shows reduction in seedling vigor (9–27%) of <50%, being the least sensitive amongst the tested plant species. Methyl red toxicity is almost 3–5-fold higher in growing medium (pH = 5.8–6.0), even at high nutrient levels, while Cu toxicity is higher in nutrient-poor alkaline medium at alkaline pH (8.3–8.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 104–200 ppb; Lemna = 100–170 ppb) compared to nutrient-rich acidic medium (pH = 5.4–5.7; EC₅₀: Ceratophyllum = 2600–3175 ppb; Lemna = 4350–4715 ppb). Rice tolerance (EC₅₀: 6500 ppb) was found to be higher than hydrophytes while lettuce was most tolerant to Cu. Fish sensitivity toward the test chemicals was almost parallel to Ceratophyllum and Lemna [Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard (LC₅₀: 250 ppb for Cu) and Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC₅₀: 24 ppm for methyl red)]. Similar to the plants, dye toxicity increased markedly (LC₅₀: 7 ppm) in the acidic medium (pH = 6.0). Amongst the tested organisms, Daphnia was found to be most sensitive to methyl red (EC₅₀: 6 ppm) while its sensitivity to Cu (EC₅₀: 230 ppb) was similar to hydrophytes and fish. Initially, the combination of dye and Cu (at their sublethal concentrations) had additive effects in duckweed, while dye concentration ruled afterward. These results indicate that hydrophytes and animals are equally sensitive toward the test chemicals. Dye toxicity in hydrophytes and fish was pH dependent, while in the case of Cu, it is related to the nutrient status of the growth medium of plants.     

重金属钝化剂阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性和适用性

利用重金属钝化剂阻控蔬菜吸收重金属是治理中轻度重金属污染菜地和保障蔬菜安全生产的重要举措.以重金属固定细菌Bacillus megaterium N3（N3）、稻壳生物炭（BC）、羊粪有机肥（SM）、菌株N3联合生物炭（BC+N3）和菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥（SM+N3）为重金属钝化剂,采用盆栽试验连续种植生菜3次,而只在种植第1次时施重金属钝化剂,研究不同处理对生菜吸收Cd的影响及其功能的稳定性,并利用动态加权综合函数评估这几种钝化材料的综合适用性.结果表明,第1次种植生菜时,与对照相比,所有重金属钝化剂均能显著降低（61.2%~81%）生菜可食用部分Cd的含量.而在第3次种植生菜中,只有菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的处理能显著降低生菜对Cd的吸收,这表明菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥阻控生菜Cd吸收的功能稳定性最好.利用动态加权综合函数,从新鲜生菜可食用部分Cd含量、土壤有效态Cd含量、每亩产量和每亩修复成本等4个方面进行综合评价.结果显示,菌株N3联合羊粪有机肥的综合适用性最好,其次是羊粪有机肥、菌株N3联合生物炭和生物炭,而菌株N3的综合评价效果最差.本研究结果为重金属污染菜地钝化修复提供理论依据和技术支撑.