Discriminate Analysis for Dust Storm Prediction in the Gobi and Steppe Regions in Mongolia

A discriminate analysis method for probability forecast of dust storms in Mongolia has been developed. The prediction method uses data recorded at 23 meteorological stations in the Gobi and steppe regions of Mongolia, including surface air pressure and geo-potential height at the 500-hPa level on grid points, and weather maps from 1975 to 1990. Weather elements such as air temperature, pressure, geo-potential height etc, which influence the formation of dust storms, are prepared as predictors. To select the most informative/important predictors (variables), we used a mean correlation matrix of variables together with the Mahalonobis distance, and correlation coefficients between dust storms and predictors with an orthogonalization for removing correlated predictors. The most informative predictors for dust storm prediction are intensities of surface cyclones and migratory anticyclones, passage of cold fronts, the horizontal gradients of the surface air pressure in the cold frontal zone, cyclonic circulations from the ground surface up to the 500-hPa level, the geo-potential height at 500-hPa level and its temporal changes. Selected predictors are used in discriminate analysis for formulating dust storm prediction equations. Sandstorm data have been classified into three classes, viz., strong, moderate and weak dust storms, depending on their intensities, durations and areas covered. Predictions of the probabilities of dust storm occurrence use the prediction equations for each class. The prediction is made from 12 hours to 36 hours. Verification of the probability forecasts of dust storms is also shown. The accuracy of forecasts is 72.2–79.9% with the data used for developing equations (dependent variables), in contrast to 67.1–72.0% with unrelated data for deriving equations (independent variables).     

Analysis of Roadside Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM10) in Major Korean Cities

A data analysis of three major Korean cities was conducted to assess roadside inhalable particulate matter 10 μm or smaller in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), including temporal and meteorological variations, over a recent period of 4 to 6 years. The yearly roadside PM₁₀ concentrations presented a well-defined increasing trend or no trend depending on the roadside monitoring station. Most mean values exceeded or approximated the Korean standard of 70 μg/m³ per year for PM₁₀. A representative roadside diurnal trend was characterized by a distinct morning maximum. In most cases, the Sunday roadside concentrations were similar to or somewhat lower than the weekday concentrations, and the PM₁₀ concentrations presented a well-defined seasonal variation, with the maximum concentration in March. The monthly maximum concentrations observed in March were most likely attributable to Asian dust storms. In two metropolitan cities (Seoul and Busan), the frequency of days with roadside PM₁₀ concentrations exceeding the standard of 150μg/m³ per 24 h was much lower for the roadside monitoring stations than for the residential monitoring station, whereas in the third city (Daegu), this result was reversed. Interestingly, the average maximum concentrations observed for the roadside sites in Seoul and Busan during March were higher than those for the residential sites, suggesting that the roadside concentrations responded more to the dust storms than the residential areas. The relationship between the pollutant concentrations and five important meteorological parameters (solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation) showed that the number and type of meteorological variables included in the equations varied according to the monitoring station or season. Finally, the current results confirmed that attention should be given to the PM₁₀ exposure of residents living near roadways.     

Effects of particle thermal characteristics on flame microstructures during dust explosions of three long-chain monobasic alcohols in a half-closed chamber

To reveal clearly the effects of particle thermal characteristics on flame microstructures during organic dust explosions, three long-chain monobasic alcohols, solid at room temperature and similar in physical-chemical properties, were chosen to conduct experiments in a half-closed chamber. In the experiments, the dust materials were dispersed into the chamber by air to form dust clouds and the hybrids were ignited by an electrical spark. A high-speed optical schlieren system was used to record the flame propagation behaviors. A fine thermocouple and an ion current probe were respectively used to measure the flame temperature profile and the reaction behaviors of the combustion zone. Based on the experimental results, combustion behaviors and flame microstructures in dust clouds with different thermal characteristics were analyzed in detail. As a result, it was found that the dust flame surfaces were completely covered by cellular structures that significantly increased the flame frontal areas. Flame propagated more quickly and the number of the cellular cells increased as increasing the volatility of the particles. On the contrary, maximum temperature and the thickness of the preheated zone decreased as increasing the volatility of the particles. According to the ion current profile, the particles in the preheat zone were pyrolyzed to intermediate radicals and the radicals' fraction in the higher volatile dust flame was higher than that in the lower volatile dust flame.     

福建省重点城市路面尘负荷及化学组成研究

采集并分析了福建省重点城市厦门、漳州、泉州和莆田城区具有代表性的57个地面扬尘和16个土壤样品的26种无机元素、8种水溶性离子和碳成分等组成.不同城市粒径≤100μm的路面尘负荷平均值在6.99 g.m-2与10.11 g.m-2之间,而粒径≤2.5μm的路面尘(PM2.5)负荷平均值在4.0 mg.m-2和12.5 mg.m-2之间.不同城市土壤尘和路面尘PM2.5中浓度最高的元素都是Si、Ca、Al、Fe和K,路面尘中Ca元素明显富集,而主要人为来源的重金属元素如Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr在路面尘PM2.5中的浓度显著高于土壤尘.漳州城区路面尘PM2.5中二次离子NH4+、NO3-和SO24-的含量明显高于其它地区,厦门、漳州和泉州城区路面尘PM2.5中Mg2+和Ca2+之间都存在显著的正相关关系.四城市路面尘中有机碳(OC)的含量均高于济南、石家庄以及北京地面扬尘OC的含量,元素碳(EC)的含量均低于北京地区路面扬尘EC的含量.泉州和莆田两地OC和EC的相关性较好,说明路面尘中OC和EC有相同或相似的来源.质量平衡结果显示泉州和莆田路面尘PM2.5中含量最高的是土壤尘,其次为有机物.按化学组成特征对路面尘PM2.5进行聚类解析,得到受大气沉降影响、受土壤尘影响、受大气沉降和土壤尘共同作用以及受土壤尘和建筑尘共同作用4类样品.     

北京市铺装道路降尘污染特征及来源

为研究北京市道路降尘在不同季节的污染特征及来源,选取北京市4条典型道路得到64个采样点的道路尘样品,采集的道路尘样品经过预处理得到75 μm以下的颗粒物,经过再悬浮及实验室分析得到PM_2.5的粒径分布和化学成分谱.结果表明:不同采样高度及不同道路类型的颗粒物粒径大体分布规律一致,颗粒物质量频率存在三个峰值,分别为0.75 μm（微粒径）、2.50 μm（小粒径）、4.50 μm（大粒径）;各季节的降尘颗粒物的化学组分中质量分数最大的是元素,主要元素（含量>1%）季节变化为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,元素富集因子法得到污染元素为Cr、Cd、Sn、Cu、Zn、Pb、As,双重元素为Bi、Ti、Ni、W、Mg、Ca、TI、Mo、V、Fe、Zr、Ba,其余16种为非富集元素;颗粒物中离子质量分数在夏季最大为9.31%,春季、秋季、冬季的离子质量分数相差不大,其中Ca2+、NO₃-、Cl-、SO₄2-占总离子质量的80%左右;碳素中w（OC）和w（EC）的季节变化均为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,OC/EC[w（OC）/w（EC）]的季节变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.不同季节w（OC）和w（EC）的相关性大小为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.对PM_2.5中化学组分来源分析表明,污染元素受机动车和建筑尘影响较大,与机动车尾气相比,机动车磨损造成的污染也不容小视;燃煤影响一直存在,但供暖期污染有所改善.机动车尾气、建筑尘及土壤尘对离子均有贡献,在夏季土壤尘、建筑尘、二次反应的综合影响较大,春季土壤尘影响更为突出.碳在夏秋季节受汽车尾气和建筑尘的影响较大,夏季二次反应影响不大;冬季除气象因素外,燃煤和生物质燃烧也不可忽视;春季土壤尘影响较为突出.      

多环芳烃在冬小麦体内的吸收与转运及富集研究进展

多年来以煤炭为主的能源消费结构和经济社会持续发展,导致我国PAHs(多环芳烃)排放量居高不下,直接造成土壤和大气PAHs严重污染.为了探明PAHs在冬小麦体内的积累过程和调控机制,在系统分析PAHs在冬小麦体内的吸收、转运和富集的基础上,重点阐述了冬小麦PAHs根系吸收和叶面吸收影响因素方面的最新研究进展.研究发现:① 小麦根系对PAHs的吸收包括主动吸收和被动吸收两种方式,其中主动吸收是一个载体协助、消耗能量、PAHs与H+共运的过程;被动吸收除了在高等植物中普遍存在的简单扩散外,水-甘油通道也参与了该过程. ② PAHs通过气态、颗粒态沉降到小麦叶面角质层或直接通过气孔进入叶片. ③ 影响PAHs根系和叶面吸收的主要因素包括PAHs理化性质、植物生理状况、环境因素等. ④ 小麦根系吸收的PAHs可以向地上部转运,并且与辛醇-水分配系数(K_OW)、蒸腾速率、土壤中氮的形态和浓度有关.主要问题:① 对于小麦叶片吸收的PAHs向基运输机理有待进一步研究. ② 农田生态系统中冬小麦往往遭受土壤及大气双重污染,根系吸收及叶面吸收分别对其体内积累PAHs的贡献尚不清楚.因此,需关注韧皮部、木质部在PAHs转运中所起的作用;利用同位素示踪、双光子激发显微镜等先进技术观察和跟踪PAHs如何进入小麦以及在小麦叶中的转移和分布,阐明PAHs叶面吸收的微观机理;注重大田试验研究,为揭示冬小麦对PAHs的吸收、积累及调控机理,同时也为有机污染地区生产安全农产品提供重要依据.      

道路灰尘中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及人体暴露

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了苏州市25个道路灰尘样品中4种有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants,OPFRs)的含量水平和分布特征,并估算了成人、儿童和环卫工人灰尘摄入和呼吸暴露两种不同途径的日暴露量.结果表明,在灰尘样品中4种OPFRs均有不同程度检出,总OPFRs的含量范围为ND~8 901.66 ng·g~(-1),中位值为1 039.21 ng·g~(-1).三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯[Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TCPP]、磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯[Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,TBEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯[Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TDCPP]和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]含量范围分别为0~6 931.46、0~2 021.15、0~788.44和0~62.16 ng·g~(-1).在高暴露情景下,成人、儿童和环卫工人通过摄入灰尘暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别是125.68、915.78和6 314.16 pg·kg~(-1),儿童的暴露量比普通成人高6倍;而成人、儿童和环卫工人通过呼吸途径暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别为3.07E-02、1.89E-02和1.54E-01 pg·kg~(-1).因此灰尘中OPFRs对于儿童和环卫工人的潜在危害更大.     

宿州市街尘重金属的粒径分布特征及污染评价

在宿州市不同功能区采集23个街尘样品,利用X-Ray荧光光谱法测定了样品中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、V的含量,分析了街尘重金属的粒径分布特征,并利用地累积指数法对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)宿州市街尘中细颗粒质量比重较高,在<75μm、75～150μm、150～250μm、250～500μm四个粒径段的街尘质量比例分别为39.73%、27.52%、22.57%和10.18%;(2)街尘中各重金属元素的含量最大值均出现在<75μm和75～150μm粒径范围内,说明重金属易在细颗粒中富集;(3)各重金属元素在<75μm粒径范围内的赋存比例均高于其他3个粒径级别,达40%左右;(4)随着街尘粒径的由粗到细,其重金属污染程度从无污染到轻度污染,各重金属元素的污染程度依次为:Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>V>Mn。     

燃煤电厂电-袋复合式除尘器优化控制的仿真运行研究

以电-袋复合式除尘器为仿真研究对象,在Windows界面下利用Visual Basic6．0编程语言开发出燃煤电厂电-袋复合式除尘器优化控制的仿真运行软件。该软件通过建立数学模型,进行仿真实验,模拟工况变化、优化运行参数等对电-袋复合除尘系统进行整体的优化控制,并综合分析电-袋复合除尘器运行过程中的能耗以及运行费用,对运行电压、电流、运行阻力、喷吹周期等参数进行了优化。该仿真软件达到了电一袋除尘系统的节能降耗的目的,同时也降低了电～袋复合除尘器的运行成本。     

保山市隆阳区城区尘污染发展趋势分析

目前影响保山市隆阳区城区环境空气质量的主要污染物是PM10和降尘。用一维灰色系统分析法分析PM10和降尘污染的发展趋势,分别建立PM10和降尘在2008--2011年和2009--2012年两个时间段的预测模式GM（1,1）,和GM（1,1）2。不论是PM10还是降尘,都呈递增趋势,且GM（1,1）2的预测值和年增加量都远大于GM（1,1）。。GM（1,1）。与GM（1,1）：的行为轨迹相差很大,表明PM10和降尘的变化机制不稳定,污染日趋加重。应从源头控制尘的产生,并加强相关管理,遏制尘污染快速上升趋势,稳定和改善环境空气质量。