基于健康监测系统的大跨度多荷载悬索桥的疲劳与可靠度评估(英文)

在过去的几十年,世界各地建立了许多大跨度悬索桥。通常这些桥梁需承受多种动力荷载,尤其是一些处于多台风地区的公铁两用桥梁。为了保证这些大跨悬索钢桥在运营期内的安全和正常使用,有必要以一定的时间间隔进行桥梁的疲劳和可靠度评估。有鉴于此,许多大跨悬索桥都安装了健康监测系统,但是如何运用其进行准确的疲劳评估仍然是一个问题。本文通过结合计算机模拟技术和健康监测系统的测量数据,以香港青马大桥为例,分析了在多荷载作用下的大跨度悬索桥的疲劳和可靠度。同时,作为利用结构健康监测技术进行结构健康状态评估的这一重要研究方向的有益实践,该研究发展了一系列方法用于评估桥梁的疲劳,以及通过考虑存在于结构的物理模型和计算机模拟中的不确定性用以评估疲劳的可靠度。     

主减速器橡胶密封圈性能衰减模型及日历寿命评估

目的 构建主减速器橡胶密封圈储存/装机条件下的性能衰减模型,评估其实际储存日历寿命、储存/装机条件下的折算系数。方法 将功能结构件实际尺寸（实际装配、初始轴向厚度和压缩时轴向厚度）、实际生产产品尺寸和安全裕度相结合,确定橡胶密封件的失效判据。对实际使用的FX-4、FX-17橡胶密封圈2种初始压缩率的装机状态下进行5个温度点的加速老化试验,测定2种橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率的老化指标参数,利用回归分析得到相应的衰减模型,结合实际储存13a的橡胶密封圈的压缩永久变形率进行检验,确定储存/装机条件下的折算系数。结果 以25%为失效判据,橡胶密封圈储存年限可达19.8 a。结论 为了保证使用安全和外场计算方便,FX-4密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存2 a,FX-17密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存3 a。     

某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命评定

目的 针对导弹战斗部装药恒定应力加速寿命试验数据,开展装药贮存寿命评定研究。方法 采用装药样品在61、71、81℃等3个温度下的加速老化数据,以样品质量损失率达到临界质量损失率为装药失效依据,评定装药贮存寿命。根据装药加速寿命试验数据特点,优选平方根模型、线性模型、逆威布尔模型、幂函数模型和乘方模型等5种模型对装药质量损失率的数据进行拟合,采用拟合优度和工程实际相结合的方法,确定合理的分布函数,评定战斗部装药贮存寿命。结果 编制计算程序对某导弹战斗部装药加速寿命试验数据进行了处理,根据拟合优度和工程实际,认为乘方模型（0.9方,呈近线性）最佳,评定装药贮存寿命为22 a。结论 通过加速试验数据得出某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命符合新引入的近线性模型,优于平方根模型和线性模型。     

基于优化算法的弹药贮存寿命预测方法

目的 实现对缺失及不足的制导弹药贮存失效数据预测及补充的能力。方法 首先通过4种不同的预测算法（GA-BP、PSO-BP、GA-SVM、PSO-SVM）,对自然贮存条件下弹药贮存失效数据进行预测,其次根据最小二乘拟合法,实现弹药贮存寿命评估模型的构建,再通过寿命评估模型,计算出不同方法下对应的贮存寿命。结果 通过不同模型的构建,4种预测方法与无优化条件下均能实现弹药贮存失效数据的预测,并且在规定可靠度,GA-BP和PSO-BP预测精度比另外2种方法更低。结论 GA-SVM与PSO-SVM更适合弹药贮存失效数据的预测,且效果更好。     

基于数值仿真的全表面轮毂弯曲疲劳试验及疲劳寿命分析

目的 预测钢制全表面轮毂易产生疲劳破坏的危险区域,并分析其弯曲疲劳寿命。方法 针对全表面轮毂的弯曲疲劳试验工况,建立有限元分析模型,综合考虑螺栓拧紧方式、螺栓预紧力以及材料非线性特征的影响,通过在加载轴末端建立局部坐标系,实现载荷的分解,并最终实现弯矩的动态加载。在此基础上,进行轮毂的受力分析,然后构造适用于轮毂的应力寿命曲线,并使用名义应力法进行疲劳寿命预测。结果 动态弯矩的加载方向变化会显著影响轮辐表面的应力分布特点,螺栓预紧力施加后,螺栓孔附近区域的应力显著增大,在计算中应考虑其影响。在获得各节点载荷历程后,以高应力幅和平均应力为标准,筛选出了轮毂的危险节点。结论 基于数值仿真的本型全表面轮毂弯曲疲劳试验,危险节点位置均位于轮辐通风孔的内圆角附近区域,可有针对性地对该区域进行相应的优化设计,以进一步提高轮毂的弯曲疲劳寿命。分析得到当前轮辋弯曲疲劳寿命约7.6万次,符合国家标准的要求。     

腐蚀疲劳交替环境下0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的损伤行为研究

目的 研究腐蚀疲劳交替环境下0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的损伤行为。方法 通过开展0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢在不同腐蚀疲劳交替次数下的试验,分析腐蚀疲劳交替频率对疲劳寿命、表面形貌等的影响规律,明确其腐蚀疲劳交替损伤机理。结果 腐蚀时间一定时,0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢试验件的疲劳寿命随着腐蚀疲劳交替频率的增加而增加。交替频次较低时,疲劳断裂部位主要发生在试验件表面或侧面的腐蚀损伤处;交替频次较高时,疲劳断裂部位开始内部缺陷处出现。试验件表面附着的腐蚀产物随着交替周期的进行而减少,但随着交替次数的增加,基体截面深处出现腐蚀产物。结论 0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢试验件的疲劳寿命随交替次数的增加呈现指数函数规律的增长趋势。腐蚀-疲劳交替作用下,0Cr16Ni5Mo1不锈钢的表面腐蚀损伤形式主要为点蚀,裂纹主要萌生于试件表面的缺陷处,腐蚀加速了裂纹萌生的进程。交替次数的增加促进了表面和缺陷处钝化膜的生成,以及腐蚀产物在缺陷内部的堆积,从而使试验件寿命增大。     

金属-复合材料胶接结构老化脱黏行为研究进展

从加速老化试验方法、胶接结构老化规律研究以及界面脱黏数值模拟3个方面回顾了过去对于胶接结构老化脱黏行为的相关研究。重点介绍了模拟老化的各类人工加速试验方法,常用的针对老化加速试验的寿命评估模型,以及胶接结构老化后材料性能退化的规律研究。还介绍了采用虚拟裂纹闭合技术（VCCT）、内聚力模型（CZM）以及渐近损伤方法（PDM）模拟结构脱黏行为的研究现状。最后,对胶接结构老化脱黏行为的研究进行了总结与展望。     

生命周期评价综论

生命周期评价已被纳入到ISO14000环境管理体系中,将成为本世纪最有效的环境管理工具之一。通过综述生命周期评价的概念、起源和发展、技术框架及其应用,指出了当前生命周期评价的方法论和实践上存在的局限性,并对未来发展方向作了展望。     

Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade

The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive- and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We used a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, trade listings and records kept in compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and a suite of avian reproductive parameters to examine whether wildlife trade is associated with particular facets of life history and to examine the association between life-history traits and captive- and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. Across all trade, CITES listing, and CITES trade, large birds were more likely to be traded and listed, but their longevity and age at maturity were not associated with CITES listing or trade. We found species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer lived and early-maturing species; these associations remained stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait–volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain. Only body mass had a clear association, and it varied from negative to positive over time. Although reproductive traits were important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominated trade, with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities are crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering.     

Screening-Level Risk Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for Aquatic Organisms Using Monitoring Data in Japan

Screening-level ecological risk assessments of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for aquatic organisms in Japan were conducted using estimated statistical values based on surface water and sediment monitoring data and effect threshold values based on a large aquatic toxicity database. An alternative method is proposed to handle monitoring data that contain nondetects including multiple detection limits and to determine the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters. The No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC_water) of DEHP for aquatic life of 77 μ g/L was determined giving equal importance to both physical effects probably caused by undissolved DEHP and to the intrinsic toxicity potentially caused by DEHP. The NOEC_sediment of 615,000 μg/kg was determined by the Equilibrium Partitioning (EqP) theory, conservatively assuming a threshold effect level in the water column as the water solubility of 3 μ g/L. The potential risks of DEHP in Japanese water environments were characterized simply by comparing the margin of exposure (MOE) with a specified uncertainty multiplier (UM). The MOE is expressed as the ratio of NOEC_water or NOEC_sediment to the expected environmental concentrations such as the 95th percentiles of the estimated DEHP concentration distributions for surface water or sediment. The results of risk characterization show that all MOE values calculated using the statistical values of DEHP concentrations in Japanese surface waters and sediments are above 10, indicating minimal risk. Although the DEHP concentrations of some surface water samples showed MOE values of less than 10, considering environmental chemistry such as bioavailable fractions and the form of existence of DEHP in a water environment, we conclude that the current levels of DEHP are of little concern to aquatic life in the majority of Japanese surface waters and sediments.