粉胶比对沥青混合料安全性能影响的试验研究

为研究出合理的、适合大兴安岭通县公路沥青混凝土路面的粉胶比,选用大兴安岭本地石材、大庆AH-130基质沥青,按密级配AC-16Ⅰ上限配比,通过标准马歇尔、浸水马歇尔、车辙、小梁低温弯曲等试验对沥青混合料的安全性能进行了研究。结果表明：最佳沥青用量OAC为6.0%,沥青混合料的抗水侵性能满足要求;在同一油石比的条件下,随着粉胶比的增大,动稳定度有显著增大的趋势,但当粉胶比超过1.0时,增长趋势逐渐缓慢,并且在粉胶比达到1.3之后达到峰值,然后开始下降;随着粉胶比的逐渐增大,弯拉应变有增大的趋势,粉胶比在1.0-1.1左右沥青混合料低温抗弯拉性能最佳。     

热空气作用下FM-2D橡胶材料老化本构模型研究

目的 建立热空气作用下氟醚-2D(FM-2D)橡胶材料的老化本构模型,形成老化作用下橡胶材料力学响应分析方法,为准确评估橡胶密封件使用寿命提供依据。方法 探究热空气作用下FM-2D橡胶材料老化机理,基于连续介质有限变形理论框架,采用热力学耗散势函数法,引入橡胶老化过程的势能函数,据此建立考虑橡胶材料老化的超弹性本构模型,基于橡胶老化试验,完成本构模型参数标定,实现老化作用下橡胶力学响应的预测。结果 建立了热空气作用下橡胶材料的老化本构模型,依据老化试验数据标定模型参数,分析了热空气作用下橡胶材料本构模型的可靠性。结论 建立的热空气作用下橡胶材料的老化本构模型可准确预测橡胶随老化时间演变的力学响应,有效模拟了橡胶材料的老化过程。     

冻融循环作用下岩桥变形破裂及能量转化特征研究*

为研究寒区锁固型岩质边坡的破坏机制,对岩桥试件开展冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验。以数字图像相关方法为观测手段获得加载过程中的全局应变场,分析冻融循环作用对岩桥变形破裂演化特征的影响。引入能量特征指标,探究冻融岩桥加载过程中的能量耗散和释放规律。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,试件抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐劣化;冻融循环作用未改变最终破坏模式,均表现为剪切裂纹贯穿中部岩桥造成的失稳破坏。冻融循环作用促进应变集中带的出现和扩展,加剧裂隙周边的应变集中程度。随着冻融循环次数的增加,试件储能极限和应变能峰后转化率逐渐降低,说明冻融循环作用减缓能量耗散和释放;试件最终破坏与能量转化密切相关,储能极限和应变能峰后转化率越大,试件脆性破坏越显著。     

压缩和劈裂荷载作用下岩石最大伸长应变差异的试验研究

从力学机制上看,岩石破坏可分为剪切破坏和拉伸破坏两种基本形式,它们各自都有不同的破坏准则,其中最大正应变强度准则是一个应用相对比较简单的岩石破坏准则。最大正应变强度准则判据建立的关键是如何标定极限伸长应变Σ_0。岩石在压应力和拉应力作用下都有可能发生符合最大(伸长)正应变准则的破坏。根据弹性理论,岩石在受拉和受压时对应的最大正应变临界值是等价的。然而,由于岩石材料的复杂性,岩石实际受压与受拉导致最大正应变形式的破坏所对应的最大正应变会有较大的差别。通过试验,本文揭示了不同种类的岩石在受拉、受压破坏时最大伸长应变的差异以及受压和受拉条件下岩石最大拉伸应变的理论值和试验值之间的差异。     

Exploring the linkage between the home domain and absence from work: Health,motivation, or both?

The aim of this study was twofold. First, we examined depleting and enriching effects of employees' home domain (home demands and quality time spent at home) on unscheduled absence from work. Second, we tested the assumption of the medical and withdrawal models that absence duration and frequency are uniquely predicted by respectively health condition and job motivation. We used longitudinal, different‐source data from 1014 employees. The results showed that home quality time was negatively related to absence frequency and duration in the following year through a physical pathway (less physical stress symptoms and health complaints) and through a psychological pathway (less psychological stress symptoms, increased job motivation). Employees with heavy home demands reported more physical and psychological stress symptoms, more health complaints, and lower job motivation. Accordingly, they had longer and more frequent sick leaves in the consecutive year. We conclude that the home domain adds to our understanding of absence from work. In addition, the model including cross pathways between health complaints and job motivation on the one hand, and absence frequency and duration on the other, best fitted the data. Thus, a clear distinction between volitional absence (frequency) and absence due to illness (duration) seems hard to justify. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physical Strain and Work Ergonomics in Farmers with Disabilities

In agriculture, occupational injuries are common, and several of them lead to permanent physical disability. The objective of this case study was to assess the strain and the ergonomic needs of four farmers (aged 34–49 years) with physical disabilities. A maximal bicycle ergometer test or an arm-crank test was done to assess their maximal heart rate (HR _max) and maximal oxygen consumption (V0_2max). The strain at work was analyzed by measuring heart rate (HR), muscle activity (EMG), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The farmers were interviewed as to possible and impossible work tasks and the ergonomic redesign measures taken to improve the work environment. The work tasks performed were mainly light or moderate work for the cardiorespiratory system according to mean HR (88-102 beats/min), the percentage of HR range (17–31% HRR), and the relative V0₂ (22–46% V0_2max). The mean activity of the trapezius muscles was 0.4-9% of the maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC). All the participants had work tasks they were unable to perform. They had made ergonomie redesign changes mainly to the tractor. This case study showed that some agricultural work tasks were possible for farmers with physical disabilities and that the physical strain associated with these tasks was mainly light or moderate.     

A ventilation cooling shirt worn during office work in a hot climate: cool or not?

The aim of the study was to identify whether a ventilation cooling shirt was effective in reducing heat strain in a hot climate. Eight female volunteers were exposed to heat (38?°C, 45% relative humidity) for 2?h with simulated office work. In the first hour they were in normal summer clothes (total thermal insulation 0.8?clo); in the second hour a ventilation cooling shirt was worn on top. After the shirt was introduced for 1?h, the skin temperatures at the scapula and the chest were significantly reduced (p?<?0.05). The mean skin and core temperatures were not reduced. The subjects felt cooler and more comfortable by wearing the shirt, but the cooling effect was most conspicuous only during the initial 10?min. The cooling efficiency of the ventilation shirt was not very effective under the low physical activity in this hot climate.     

Stressful work characteristics,health indicators and work behavior: the case of machine operators

This article shows the results of research on psychosocial risks for a group of machine and plant operators (n?=?1014) from the construction, chemical, energy, mining, metal and food industries in Poland. The Psychosocial Risk Scale designed in Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM) by Moscicka-Teske and Potocka was used to indicate the occurrence of general and specific occupational stressors and the level of their stressfulness. The results revealed that the studied machine and plant operators experience job context stress – related to working environment features concerning work organization – more frequently than job content stressors – related to the type of tasks they perform. Moreover, a correlation analysis between work features and the health and occupational functioning of the respondents revealed significant but weak relationships between the variables (from ?0.08 to ?0.23). Comparative analysis revealed the differences between the studied sectors. Such a comparison makes it possible to set goals for each sector and to attempt to improve the distinctive areas.     

The Relationship Between Shift Work Schedules and Spillover in a Sample of Nurses

The aim of the present study was to estimate spillover effects between the work and the family sphere in a sample of nurses (N = 2058). Hierarchical regression analyses investigated whether shift work schedules were associated with negative or positive spillover, both from family to work and vice versa, controlling for demographic factors, job demands and decision latitude. With daytime work as a reference group, all types of shift work (day and evening shift, night shift only and rotating 3 shift) were associated with higher negative work-to-family spillover. Night work was associated with significantly less negative family-to-work spillover. None of the different shift work schedules were related to any type of positive spillover. The results indicate that working outside of daytime hours is less compatible with workers’ family lives, compared to working ordinary day shifts. On the other hand, working night shifts only was associated with reduced negative family-to-work spillover.     

考虑岩石应变软化的厚煤层综放开采覆岩破坏特征研究

为了分析裴沟矿31采区的煤炭开采对上部魔洞王水库的影响,以及评价水体下开采的安全性,首先分析了岩土体材料在三轴压缩试验中表现出来的应变软化现象,认为岩石峰后的软化能够说明覆岩破坏后的力学特性;然后介绍了FLAC3D中应变软化模型;最后分别建立Mohr—Coulomb理想弹性模型和应变软化模型的数值模型,针对工作面推进过程中覆岩移动破坏的特征以及顶板导水裂隙带发育规律,分析了两者计算结果的差别,计算结果表明:应变软化模型对覆岩移动破坏特征的计算更加准确,能够说明工作面推进过程中覆岩移动规律,通过其计算得到的导水裂隙带高度的预计对水体下采煤的安全性评价有一定的参考价值。