呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂工程设计

呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂近期建设规模1.0×104m3/d,远期总规模2.5×104m3/d。污水处理主体工艺采用组合式A2/O生化池+砂滤,污泥处理采用污泥贮池+带式浓缩脱水一体机,尾水采用液氯消毒,设计出水水质执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。介绍了该工程的工艺流程、设计参数,总结分析了工艺设计的技术特点。同时阐述了针对低温条件下的运行保障措施和要求,为寒冷地区同类污水处理厂的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

干旱区城市昌吉降雪及积雪中PGEs含量分布及其影响因素

选择干旱区中小城市昌吉市,对其降雪及积雪中铂族元素(PGEs)含量分布及影响因素进行研究.运用ICP-MS对样品进行分析测定.结果表明,降雪中Rh、Pd、Pt平均含量分别为0.43 ng·L-1(未检出～2.24 ng·L-1)、60.07 ng·L-1(46.66～84.25 ng·L-1)和4.54 ng·L-1(3.02～6.38 ng·L-1).不同场次降雪中PGEs含量存在差异,随雪前干燥期天数加长,降雪中PGEs含量趋于增大;降雪量对PGEs含量也有一定影响,降雪量越小,雪中PGEs含量越高.积雪中Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量分别为6.65 ng·L-1(2.50～18.80 ng·L-1)、83.45 ng·L-1(46.83～199.20 ng·L-1)和8.17 ng·L-1(4.27～13.78 ng·L-1).积雪中PGEs含量远高于降雪,降雪中PGEs仅来自于单场次降雪对大气PGEs的淋洗,而积雪中PGEs不仅来自于多场次降雪中PGEs的累积,且由于积雪长时间暴露,还源源不断接受了大气干沉降带来的PGEs.各采样点积雪PGEs含量表现出交通区>居民文教区>公园广场区>郊区农田,随功能区不同,积雪中PGEs输入途径与输入量有显著差异,这是造成各功能区积雪PGEs含量不同且具有一定规律性的主要原因.     

沉积物中雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A的测定

近些年来雌激素及烷基酚类化合物由于其对水生生物的内分泌干扰作用越来越受到广泛关注.沉积物作为环境中有机污染物的重要储存库,研究目标物在其中的浓度分布对于探明此类物质在环境中的迁移转化具有重要意义.但沉积物中基质组成复杂而雌激素又痕量存在,这增加了前处理的难度.本研究从雌激素及烷基酚类化合物的理化性质入手,采用碱液提取、液液萃取和LC-MS/MS分析测定沉积物样品中的雌激素及壬基酚、辛基酚、双酚A.结果表明,经过优化的方法对7种目标物的回收率介于61.9%～93.7%之间.该方法能有效去除沉积物中那些不溶于强碱和既溶于酸又溶于碱的有机污染物,同时操作简单、成本低,但回收率高、检出限低,可广泛适用于河流沉积物样品及土壤样品的前处理.     

氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).     

生活垃圾填埋过程含水率变化研究

为分析垃圾在好氧和厌氧条件下降解过程中含水率变化的规律,采用时域反射测量(time domain reflectometry,TDR)技术监测了垃圾填埋过程中含水率的变化情况.结果表明,填埋过程中垃圾体积含水率随时间逐渐增大,垃圾持水性能不断提高.好氧初期垃圾内水量变化与含水率变化正相关,好氧后期则为负相关;厌氧填埋过程中,垃圾沉降压缩是含水率变化的主要原因.垃圾TDR读数与基于物质衡算的垃圾体积含水率计算值之间有较好的相关性,好氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±5%,厌氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±2%,TDR技术适用于实际填埋工程的含水率测量.     

垦殖对湿地土壤有机碳垂直分布及可溶性有机碳截留的影响

通过测定和计算兴凯湖地区沼泽湿地及由其垦殖而来的旱田和水田土壤剖面有机碳含量和密度及土壤剖面不同深度土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳含量,分析了垦殖对兴凯湖周边沼泽湿地土壤有机碳垂直分布及土壤剖面截留可溶性有机碳的影响.结果表明,垦殖显著影响湿地0～40 cm土壤有机碳含量,大豆田和水稻田0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40 cm土壤有机碳含量与湿地相比分别降低了79.07%和82.01%、79.01%和82.28%、79.86%和92.90%、37.49%和78.05%;40 cm以下土层土壤有机碳含量垦殖前后差异不显著.大豆田和水稻田有机碳密度相比沼泽湿地分别降低了25.50%和47.35%,但三者1 m深土壤中大部分的有机碳均是储存在0～50 cm土层中.垦殖前后土壤有机碳含量与深度之间的关系均可用指数函数来描述,垦殖改变了土壤有机碳含量但并未改变其随土壤深度的变化规律.垦殖为大豆田土壤剖面对可溶性有机碳的截留效果较湿地和水稻田更明显,沼泽湿地和水稻田对可溶性有机碳的截留效果大致相当.     

单光子/光电子在线质谱实时分析聚氯乙烯热分解/燃烧产物

实验室研制了低能光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)和单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源,该电离源具有电离化合物范围宽、碎片离子少、质谱图简单等优点,结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)实现了聚氯乙烯(PVC)热分解/燃烧产物的在线分析.针对不同的目标化合物,MEPEI/SPI复合电离源通过调节电离区电场强度,可以快速在SPI和SPI-MEPEI之间切换.PVC热分解/燃烧产物中电离能大于光子能量(10.60 eV)的HCl和CO2(12.74 eV、13.77 eV)利用MEPEI模式电离;而烯烃、二氯乙烯、苯系物、氯苯、苯乙烯、茚满及萘系物等可通过SPI-MEPEI复合模式电离.通过实时监测PVC主要燃烧产物的信号强度随温度的变化趋势可推断出,PVC燃烧产物主要是通过两种机制生成:①250～370℃时,PVC发生脱氯及分子内环化反应,产生大量的HCl、苯和萘;②380～510℃时,PVC发生分子间交联反应,生成烷基芳烃,如甲苯和二甲苯/乙苯等.实验结果表明,SPI/SPI-MEPEI复合离子源TOF-MS分析速度快,应用范围广,在在线分析中具有广泛的应用前景.     

氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

Electrochemical treatment of olive mill wastewater: Treatment extent and effluent phenolic compounds monitoring using some uncommon analytical tools

Problems related with industrials effluents can be divided in two parts: (1) their toxicity associated to their chemical content which should be removed before discharging the wastewater into the receptor media; (2) and the second part is linked to the difficulties of pollution characterisation and monitoring caused by the complexity of these matrixes. This investigation deals with these two aspects, an electrochemical treatment method of an olive mill wastewater (OMW) under platinized expanded titanium electrodes using a modified Grignard reactor for toxicity removal as well as the exploration of the use of some specific analytical tools to monitor effluent phenolic compounds elimination. The results showed that electrochemical oxidation is able to remove/mitigate the OMW pollution. Indeed, 87% of OMW color was removed and all aromatic compounds were disappeared from the solution by anodic oxidation. Moreover, 55% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the total organic carbon (TOC) were reduced. On the other hand, UV- Visible spectrophotometry, Gaz chromatography/mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) showed that the used treatment seems efficaciously to eliminate phenolic compounds from OMW. It was concluded that electrochemical oxidation in a modified Grignard reactor is a promising process for the destruction of all phenolic compounds present in OMW. Among the monitoring analytical tools applied, cyclic voltammetry and 13 C NMR are among the techniques that are introduced for the first time to control the advancement of the OMW treatment and gave a close insight on polyphenols disappearance.     

Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of selected drug residues in wastewater and surface water

Pharmaceutical residues have become tightly controlled environmental contaminants in recent years, due to their increasing concentration in environmental components. This is mainly caused by their high level of production and everyday consumption. Therefore there is a need to apply new and sufficiently sensitive analytical methods, which can detect the presence of these contaminants even in very low concentrations. This study is focused on the application of a reliable analytical method for the analysis of 10 selected drug residues, mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen, and dicofenac), in wastewaters and surface waters. This analytical method is based on solid phase extraction, derivatization by N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and finally analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with Time-of-Flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC- TOF MS). Detection limits ranged from 0.18 to 5 ng/L depending on the compound and selected matrix. The method was successfully applied for detection of the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the Svratka River and in wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modrice, Czech Republic. The concentration of pharmaceuticals varied from one to several hundreds of ng/L in surface water and from one to several tens of μg/L in wastewater.