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91.
ISO14000系列环境管理国际标准概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
概述了ISO14000系列环境管理国际标准的内容、分类、特点及其作用。介绍了企业实施该系列标准所应采取的步骤和措施。该系列标准由环境管理体系、环境行为评价、生命周期评估、环境管理、产品标准中的环境因素等系列组成,可指导企业表现正确的环境行为,提升企业的竞争力。 相似文献
92.
Food security is a global concern affecting even highly developed countries. Ongoing globalisation of food systems, characterised by trading interdependencies, means that agricultural production can be disrupted by climate change, affecting food availability. This study investigated Sweden’s food security by identifying major food import categories and associated trade partners (using the World Integrated Trade System database) and vulnerability to frictions in trade deriving from climate change. Vulnerability was assessed through three indicators: exposure based on diversity of sources, dominance and direct trade from supplying countries; sensitivity, assessed using the Climate Risk Index, and adaptive capacity, assessed using the Fragile State Index. The results revealed that Sweden’s grain imports may be most vulnerable, and animal products least vulnerable, to climate change. Management strategies based on this preliminary assessment can be developed by integrating climate vulnerability deriving from food trading into the ‘Gravity’ model, to improve prediction of trade flows.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01623-w. 相似文献
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Marta G. Rivera-Ferre 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(4):301-321
Industrial shrimp farming has been promoted by international development and financial institutions in coastal indebted poor
countries as a way to obtain foreign exchange earnings, reimburse external debt, and promote development. The promotion of
the shrimp industry is a clear example of a more general trend of support of export-oriented primary products, consisting
in monocultures of commodities, as opposed to the promotion of more diverse, traditional production directed to feed the local
population. In general, it is assumed that export-oriented aquaculture and agriculture, in a framework of liberalization policies,
facilitates economic growth and this is associated with poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. However, it
has been shown that the promotion of export-oriented production, mostly in the hands of big corporations, can have detrimental
consequences for the livelihoods of local populations and the environment. As a result, international institutions, NGOs,
and the industry aim to minimize these impacts by promoting sustainable export-oriented production. But some impacts may remain,
since the main issue is the primary focus on international deregulated markets and the search for cheap primary products.
To illustrate the relationships between the mainstream concept of development, the environmental and social impact of industrial
farming systems, and the promotion of export-oriented production in developing countries, this article analyzes the case of
the shrimp aquaculture industry. 相似文献
96.
Vector-borne diseases are feared to extend their range in a future where global warming has occurred. There is considerable
concern about scourges such as malaria re-invading currently temperate regions and reaching into higher altitudes in Africa.
In this paper we examine the various factors thought to determine potential infectivity of malaria, and its actual outbreak
in the context of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We quantify: (i) the role of demographics in placing a larger population
in harms way; (ii) the role of climate change in increasing the potential geographic range and severity of the risk of infection;
and (iii) the role of economic and social development in limiting the occurrence of malaria. We then explore the climate and
economic implications of various climate policies in their effectiveness to limit potential infectivity of malaria. In illustration
of these issues we present the climate-related and economics-related impacts of unilateral CO2 control by OECD on incidence of malaria in non-OECD nations. The model presented here, although highly stylized in its representation
of socio-economic factors, provides strong evidence of the role of socio-economic factors in determination of malaria incidence.
The case study offers insights into unintended adverse consequences of well-meaning climate policies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
97.
The EU, the United States and other economies, with the intention to implement unilateral trade measures Border Car- bon Adjustments, impose emission reduction pressure on develop- ing countries. Once ... 相似文献
98.
我国加入世贸组织后,除了粮食安全、比较优势、竞争力等方面的影响研究外,农产品贸易开放对我国农业生产部门就业的影响一直令人关注,是具有比较优势的劳动密集型农产品出口带来更多就业创造,还是土地密集型农产品进口引致更多就业替代?本文运用1994-2009年数据,对入世前后农产品贸易开放引致的农业就业效应进行全面系统的实证分析,并对在不同情形下我国未来贸易引致的农业就业替代效应的程度和方式进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明:入世后我国农产品贸易引致的农业就业效应呈现出更明显的就业净替代变化;同时,在技术水平不变的情况下,我国未来劳动密集型农产品的实际出口增速与平抑就业替代压力的"理想增速"相距甚远,未来土地密集型净进口所产生的农业就业替代量将在较大程度上超过劳动密集型净出口创造的就业机会,我国农业就业整体"净替代"的趋势可能将长期持续。 相似文献
99.
基于“可持续性”要素的比较优势理论拓展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
杨青龙 《中国人口.资源与环境》2012,22(7):85-91
比较优势是不同国家生产同种产品的机会成本差异。传统理论认为,形成比较优势的机会成本主要为生产成本,而"可持续性"是一种代际公共品,耗费"可持续性"要素的机会成本是代际成本,即现在使用某(些)要素所放弃的未来使用之可能带来的纯收益。因此,不同国家的可持续性差异体现为代际成本差异,"可持续性"是塑造一国比较优势的新要素。若中国对外贸易过度依靠当代所具有的劳动力价格低廉和环境规制政策宽松所塑造的劳动力比较优势和环境比较优势,从长期看是不可持续的。通过代际成本内在化,可逐步实现对外贸易发展的短期理性与长期理性的统一。进而言之,中国需要妥善处理贸易增长与各种稀缺要素消耗之间的关系,平衡贸易增长与可持续发展的关系,当今的贸易与未来的贸易需寻求某种总量和结构上的均衡。 相似文献
100.
潘辉 《中国人口.资源与环境》2012,22(2):41-46
碳关税是美国提出的针对国际贸易中高能耗进口产品征税的一种新型绿色贸易壁垒。从表面上看,碳关税的提出是为了缓解全球气候变暖的现实,促进全球贸易的公平竞争。实质上,碳关税的提出是美国国内政治经济博弈的结果,其目的是为了夺取世界经济新的话语权,同时也是为了制衡中国在内的发展中国家。碳关税对我国出口的影响机制有二:第一,碳关税产生的价格效应促使出口商品成本上升,出口量下降,造成出口国净福利损失。第二,长期来看,碳关税的环境规制效应会促使出口企业实施创新、改进效率,企业竞争力增强。但是,就短期来说,由于我国尚不具备"波特假说"成立的前提条件,碳关税会促使成本上升,出口产品竞争力下降。本文系统分析了我国出口商品结构和地理方向,指出碳关税的推出将对我国当前出口贸易形成严峻的挑战,长期看将有利于我国市场结构、产业结构和出口结构的改善。基于以上的分析,文章提出了政府"环境外交"、逐步开征国内碳税、构建绿色制造体系等政策建议。 相似文献