关于畜禽养殖业环境管理的思考

介绍了畜禽养殖业对环境的污染现状及存在的问题,提出了强化环境管理的对策和措施.     

中国北方某流域畜禽养殖污染与防治对策研究

通过实地调研和等标污染负荷模型等研究方法,对北方某流域内畜禽养殖产生的环境污染进行定量化研究.结果表明:研究区规模化大型畜禽养殖和小户养殖都比较多,管理混乱;流域内畜禽养殖污染向水体排放污染物主要是COD,占排污总量的82.73％;等标污染负荷研究显示流域主要污染物是TN和TP,在对畜禽污染的治理中应着重治理TN和TP的污染;研究区应在合理规划布局选址基础上,建立畜禽粪便治理和综合利用设施,实现资源利用的最大化,促进流域的可持续发展.     

农村污染防治工作已迫在眉睫

针对目前农村经济发展过程中出现的主要环境问题,结合农村的实际情况,提出了解决农村环境污染问题的几项措施。并着重分析了规模化畜禽养殖业中的环境污染问题,提出了综合防治对策。     

畜禽养殖中沙门氏菌污染的PCR快速检测

针对畜禽养殖是造成农村水环境生物性污染的主要原因,指出用常规生化检测技术耗时长、效率低,不能满足环境管理的要求：应用PCR技术检测沙门氏菌,特异性高、敏感性强、耗时短,与常规分离鉴定方法比较,完全符合实验证明,PCR技术可很好的应用于沙门氏菌污染的调查与监测。     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.     

An ecological framework for contextualizing carnivore–livestock conflict

Carnivore predation on livestock is a complex management and policy challenge, yet it is also intrinsically an ecological interaction between predators and prey. Human–wildlife interactions occur in socioecological systems in which human and environmental processes are closely linked. However, underlying human–wildlife conflict and key to unpacking its complexity are concrete and identifiable ecological mechanisms that lead to predation events. To better understand how ecological theory accords with interactions between wild predators and domestic prey, we developed a framework to describe ecological drivers of predation on livestock. We based this framework on foundational ecological theory and current research on interactions between predators and domestic prey. We used this framework to examine ecological mechanisms (e.g., density-mediated effects, behaviorally mediated effects, and optimal foraging theory) through which specific management interventions operate, and we analyzed the ecological determinants of failure and success of management interventions in 3 case studies: snow leopards (Panthera uncia), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor). The varied, context-dependent successes and failures of the management interventions in these case studies demonstrated the utility of using an ecological framework to ground research and management of carnivore–livestock conflict. Mitigation of human–wildlife conflict appears to require an understanding of how fundamental ecological theories work within domestic predator–prey systems.     

规模化牲畜养殖场的环境效应及其对策

通过对江苏省2个典型地区的4个生猪养殖场的饲料、牲畜排泄物、土壤、地表水及水土水中养分状况的调查采样与分析，对牲畜规模养殖的环境效应进行了评价。在此基础上，对牲畜养殖排泄物的养分管理与资源化利用提出了建议，并通过对牲畜排泄物中养分状况及作物养分需求状况的分析统计，提出了种植－养殖区域养分平衡管理模式。     

污水生化处理中污泥减量技术的应用

文章简要介绍了目前国内外污泥减量技术的3个主要方面：污泥溶胞技术、解偶联技术以及利用微型动物捕食污泥技术，并分别对其污泥减量原理及相应工艺的应用进行了介绍。     

邳州市畜禽养殖业污染问题研究

针对当前中国农村飞速发展的畜禽养殖业,以江苏省邳州市为例深入调研了近年来邳州市畜禽养殖业的发展水平和发展现状,以点代面指出当前中国大多数农村畜禽养殖存在的对畜禽养殖认识不足、选址不当、规模化程度低、管理较为粗放、监管力度不够、环境污染严重等主要问题,对下一步畜禽养殖业的发展和污染治理问题作了探讨并提出了加强监管、多渠道投入治理污染和废物综合利用、搞好养殖场规划等对策.     

To flee or not to flee: predator avoidance by cheetahs at kills

Mammalian carnivores are unusual because their primary competitors for food are often their primary predators. This relationship is most evident at persistent kills where dominant competitors are attracted to both the carcass (as a free meal) and to the killers (as potential prey). Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are frequent victims of kleptoparasitism, and cubs, and sometimes adults, are killed by lions (Panthera leo) or spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Between 1980 and 2002, we observed 639 kills made by cheetahs in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. These kills were often visited by scavengers, including relatively innocuous species such as vultures and jackals and potentially dangerous species, like spotted hyenas and lions. We used cheetah behavior at kills to test a number of predictions about how cheetahs should minimize risk at kill sites given they face an increased risk of predation of themselves or their cubs. In particular, we examined the propensity of cheetahs of different age/sex classes to hide carcasses after making a kill, vigilance at kills, and the delay in leaving after finishing feeding with respect to ecological factors and scavenger presence. The behavior of single females at kills did not suggest that they were trying to avoid being killed, but the behavior of males, often found in groups, was in line with this hypothesis. In contrast, the behavior of mother cheetahs at kills appeared to be influenced greatly by the risk of cubs being killed. Our results suggest that cheetahs use several behavioral counterstrategies to avoid interspecific predation of self or cubs.