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排序方式: 共有92条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
71.
Aliza le Roux Michael I. Cherry Lorenz Gygax Marta B. Manser 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1097-1107
Vigilance behaviour in gregarious species has been studied extensively, especially the relationship between individual vigilance
and group size, which is often negative. Relatively little is known about the effect of conspecifics on vigilance in non-obligate
social species or the influence of sociality itself on antipredator tactics. We investigated predator avoidance behaviour
in the yellow mongoose, Cynictis penicillata, a group-living solitary forager, and compared it with a sympatric group-living, group-foraging herpestid, the meerkat, Suricata suricatta. In yellow mongooses, the presence of conspecifics during foraging—an infrequent occurrence—reduced their foraging time and
success and increased individual vigilance, contrary to the classical group-size effect. Comparing the two herpestids, sociality
did not appear to affect overt vigilance or survival rates but influenced general patterns of predator avoidance. Whereas
meerkats relied on communal vigilance, costly vigilance postures, and auditory warnings against danger, yellow mongooses avoided
predator detection by remaining close to safe refuges and increasing “low-cost” vigilance, which did not interfere with foraging.
We suggest that foraging group size in herpestids is constrained by species-distinct vigilance patterns, in addition to habitat
and prey preference. 相似文献
72.
73.
Nutrient-sufficient and nitrate- or sulfate-deprived plants of Brassica oleracea L. were exposed to 4 microl l(-1) NH3 (2.8 mg m(-3)), and effects on biomass production and allocation, N-compounds and root morphology investigated. Nitrate-deprived plants were able to transfer to atmospheric NH3 as nitrogen source, but biomass allocation in favor of the root was not changed by exposure to NH3. NH3 reduced the difference in total root length between nitrate-sufficient and nitrate-deprived plants, and increased the specific root length in the latter. The internal N status, therefore, might be involved in controlling root length in B. oleracea. Root surface area, volume and diameter were unaffected by both nitrate deprivation and NH3 exposure. In sulfate-deprived plants an inhibitory effect of NH3 on root morphological parameters was observed. These plants, therefore, might be more susceptible to atmospheric NH3 than nitrate-deprived plants. The relevance of the present data under field conditions is discussed. 相似文献
74.
The effect of dominance hierarchy on the use of alternative foraging tactics: a phenotype-limited producing-scrounging game 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Group living is thought to be advantageous for animals, though it also creates opportunities for exploitation. Using food
discovered by others can be described as a producer-scrounger, frequency-dependent game. In the game, scroungers (parasitic
individuals) do better than producers (food finders) when scroungers are rare in the group, but they do worse when scroungers
are common. When the individuals' payoffs do not depend on their phenotype (i.e. a symmetric game), this strong negative frequency
dependence leads to a mixed stable solution where both alternatives obtain equal payoffs. Here, we address the question of
how differences in social status in a dominance hierarchy influence the individuals' decision to play producer or scrounger
in small foraging groups. We model explicitly the food intake rate of each individual in a dominance-structured foraging group,
then calculate the Nash equilibrium for them. Our model predicts that only strong differences in competitive ability will
influence the use of producing or scrounging tactics in small foraging groups; dominants will mainly play scrounger and subordinates
will mostly use producer. Since the differences in competitive ability of different-ranking individuals likely depend on the
economic defendability of food, our model provides a step towards the integration of social foraging and resource defence
theories.
Received: 30 July 1997 / Accepted after revision: 15 November 1997 相似文献
75.
Torkild Tveraa Bernt-Erik Sæther Ronny Aanes Kjell Einar Erikstad 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,43(2):73-79
In Procellariiformes, the parents guard the chick after it has attained homeothermy. This strategy may reduce the probability
that a small chick is taken by predators, but is costly as only one parent can forage at a time. The decision to leave the
chick may therefore be a compromise between the chick's vulnerability to predators, the body condition of the parent on the
nest and whether the foraging parent returns in time. We studied how the number of days that parents guarded the chick was
related to the body mass of the parent at the nest and the time the foraging parent spent at sea in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica. We also examined how the body mass of the parent on the nest and the duration of the foraging trips influenced the chicks'
body condition at the end of the guarding period. When the foraging parent did not return to the nest in time to relieve its
mate, the number of days the parent on the nest kept guarding the chick was positively related to its body mass on arrival
in the colony. The number of days the foraging parent spent at sea was positively related to the body mass of its mate, but
those that returned in time had a shorter stay at sea relative to their mate's body mass than those that did not return before
their mate had left. Apparently, both the body mass of the parent at the nest and the ability of the foraging parent to adjust
its stay at sea to the mate's body mass is important for the number of days the parents guard the chick and also the chick's
body condition at this point. The inability to return to the nest before the mate has left may be the result of needing a
minimum amount of time at sea to find food, or because some parents having low foraging success and therefore prolong their
stay at sea.
Received: 10 October 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 March 1998 相似文献
76.
滨海湿地退化区鸟类刨坑觅食行为促进植被的恢复 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
鸟类是滨海湿地生态系统中非常重要的组成部分,也是能够通过自身行为影响非生物环境以及生物过程的生态系统工程师。了解鸟类在滨海湿地生态系统中的生态系统工程效应,对于开展滨海湿地的生态修复具有重要作用。通过野外调查研究由灰鹤(Grus grus)和斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)主导的滨海鸟类的刨坑觅食行为对植被退化区的地形以及土壤环境理化指标的影响,进而促进盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)植被的恢复。结果表明:鸟类在植被退化区的刨坑觅食行为改变了退化区的微地形及土壤环境,使得土壤硬度和土壤盐度显著降低,而土壤含水率和土壤碳氮营养指标则显著高于未经鸟类影响的退化平坦区域;另外,鸟类活动改善的凹坑微地形环境能够显著提高盐地碱蓬的种子保留量、幼苗定植量和成株存活量,有效促进盐地碱蓬在植被退化区域的恢复。通过鸟类改变微地形进而促进植被恢复的启发,提出可以尝试人为模拟改造退化区的微地形环境,以通过人为干预的方式促进滨海湿地退化区的植被恢复,对滨海湿地的生态修复具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
77.
Pollen is the sole source of protein for honey bees, most importantly used to rear young. Honey bees are adept at regulating
pollen stores in the colonies based on the needs of the colony. Mechanisms for regulation of pollen foraging in honey bee
are complex and remain controversial. In this study, we used a novel approach to test the two competing hypothesis of pollen
foraging regulation. We manipulated nurse bee biosynthesis of brood food using a protease inhibitor that interferes with midgut
protein digestion, significantly decreasing the amount of protein extractable from hypopharyngeal glands. Experimental colonies
were given equal amounts of protease inhibitor-treated and untreated pollen. Colonies receiving protease inhibitor treatment
had significantly lower hypopharyngeal gland protein content than controls. There was no significant difference in the ratio
of pollen to nonpollen foragers between the treatments. Pollen load weights were also not significantly different between
treatments. Our results supported the pollen foraging effort predictions generated from the direct independent effects of
pollen on the regulation of pollen foraging and did not support the prediction that nurse bees regulate pollen foraging through
amount of hypopharyngeal gland protein biosynthesis. 相似文献
78.
Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) are attracted to those particular inflorescences where other bees are already foraging, a process known as local enhancement.
Here, we use a quantitative analysis of learning in a foraging task to illustrate that this attraction can lead bees to learn
more quickly which flower species are rewarding if they forage in the company of experienced conspecifics. This effect can
also be elicited by model bees, rather than live demonstrators. We also show that local enhancement in bumblebees most likely
reflects a general attraction to conspecifics that is not limited to a foraging context. Based on the widespread occurrence
of both local enhancement and associative learning in the invertebrates, we suggest that social influences on learning in
this group may be more common than the current literature would suggest and that invertebrates may provide a useful model
for understanding how learning processes based on social information evolve. 相似文献
79.
John K. Kelly 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,35(3):205-212
A kin selection model is described for populations in which groups of interacting individuals (trait groups, sensu Wilson 1975) are spatially situated within larger aggregations. The model predicts the optimal foraging strategy when resources are shared with other trait group members and there is an individual risk in foraging. The ecological mechanism of variation in group fitness, differential resource accumulation, is explicitly incorporated into the model. The optimal foraging rate obtained from this model depends on the product of a benefit-to-cost ratio and a relatedness parameter. The appropriate definition of relatedness for the evolution of communal foraging is determined by the details of the ecological interaction between consumers and resources. When competition is purely intra-specific, the genetic correlation among interactants relative to other members of the local aggregation defines the relatedness parameter applicable to selection on foraging propensity. When competition is primarily inter-specific, the genetic correlation among trait group members relative to the entire population defines relatedness. 相似文献
80.
Many animals share food, that is, to tolerate competitors at a defensible clump. Most accounts of resource sharing invoke
special evolutionary processes or ecological circumstances that reduce their generality. Surprisingly, the Hawk–Dove game
has been unable to address in a simple and general way why so many group foraging animals share food. We modify the Hawk–Dove
game by allowing a finder the opportunity of retaliating if joiners escalate and by considering the consequences of information
asymmetries concerning resource value among players. Introducing the first change, the retaliator strategy was sufficient
to predict widespread sharing in habitats where food clumps are of intermediate richness. When information asymmetry between
finder and joiner is created by allowing the quality of clumps to vary, we show that the conditions for sharing are even more
easily met and apply to a wider range of resource qualities. Our model therefore offers one of the most parsimonious and potentially
general evolutionary accounts of the origin of non-aggressive resource sharing. 相似文献