分散液液微萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中的痕量镉

建立了分散液液微萃取分离富集一石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量镉的新方法。以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠为螯合剂、四氯化碳为萃取剂、丙酮为分散剂,详细考察YpH值、螯合剂质量分数、萃取剂体积、萃取时间等因素的影响。在优化的实验条件下,方法对水样中镉的检出限为4．2ng-L^-1,线性范围是20-300ng-L^-1,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3．5％,富集倍数达103。将建立的方法应用于三种实际环境水样中镉的检测,加标回收率在92％-108％范围内。本方法具有灵敏、准确、快速、环保的特点,是一种分析水样中痕量镉的较好方法。     

Cytogenetic studies of amniotic fluid taken before the 15th week of pregnancy for earlier prenatal diagnosis: A report of 114 consecutive cases

One hundred and fourteen samples of amniotic fluid taken before 15 weeks of gestation were cultured for cytogenetic studies. The results of culturing these early amniotic fluid (EAF) samples were compared with the results of culturing 114 standard amniotic fluid (SAP) samples taken after 15 weeks of gestation matched for maternal age and received in the laboratory within the same week. Cell culture was successful in all 114 of the EAF samples and in 111 SAP samples. There was no significant difference in the days to harvesting and days to reporting in the two groups. Three samples of SAP failed to grow and two EAF samples produced tetraploid karyotypes, so that in these five cases amniocentesis had to be repeated. These problems were attributed to toxicity of a fungicide used in the culture medium. Pseudomosaicism was noted in two EAF samples and one SAP sample; and maternal cell contamination was noted in one EAF and one SAP sample. Thus, culturing and karyotyping cells harvested from EAF and SAP are similar, indicating that EAF samples from 12–14-week pregnancies could be used for prenatal diagnosis.     

巴尔喀什湖流域水化学和同位素空间分布及环境特征

巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦境内,是世界上最大的湖泊之一.伊犁河是巴尔喀什湖的主要补给河流,也是中哈两国重要的跨境河流.通过数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对巴尔喀什湖流域不同水体的化学参数和氢氧稳定同位素(δD和δ~(18)O)进行分析,初步研究了该区域水化学类型和同位素空间分布特征,探讨了其形成原因和环境意义.结果表明,不同水体的水化学类型不同,湖泊水体的主要化学类型为SO_4-Na和Cl-Na,入湖河流的水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca型,其中伊犁河水化学类型从上游到下游由重碳酸盐型过渡到硫酸化物型、氯化物型; Gibbs图显示湖泊水体离子组成位于蒸发作用区,河流水体离子组成位于蒸发作用和岩石风化作用之间,伊犁河从上游到下游向蒸发控制带偏移,反映了上游河水受降水、冰雪融水的补给影响较大,而下游水体受蒸发作用影响较大;此外,PCA分析指示人类活动对湖泊、伊犁河中下游和其他入湖河流水化学的影响.湖泊和河流水体的氢氧同位素组成变化差异较大,湖泊水体氢氧同位素偏正,位于全球大气降水线和哈萨克斯坦地区蒸发线之间,氘盈余小于全球降水线,反映了较强的蒸发作用导致湖水同位素富集;河流水体的氢氧同位素位于全球降水线附近,河流水体的氢氧同位素关系方程的斜率(伊犁河:5. 7,其他入湖河流:3. 1)均低于全球降水线(8),表明降水和蒸发过程影响河流水体同位素组成.湖泊水体化学参数和同位素显著相关,尤其是东部水体,表明强烈的蒸发作用同时导致水体同位素的富集和水化学离子的浓缩.     

低相对介电常数的圆极化径向缝隙天线的研究

径向缝隙天线是高增益、高效率的平面缝隙阵列天线。天线缝隙阵列按一定的规律排布在径向波导的上表面,径向波导内部填充由慢波材料来抑制天线的栅瓣,其中慢波材料的相对介电常数一般的选择范围是1.5~2.5。本文设计的径向缝隙天线中填充径向波导的慢波材料的相对介电常数为1.06。依据径向缝隙天线的设计原则,适当调整缝隙的排布,所设计天线并未出现栅瓣,并且有较好的方向性。天线的仿真结果与测量结果吻合的较好。     

典型电子废物处置场地表层土壤中的德克隆阻燃剂研究

以我国广东省汕头市贵屿镇典型电子废物处置场地为研究区域,对其表层土中的德克隆(DP)阻燃剂的污染水平及分布模式进行了研究.结果表明,DP在全部23个表层土样品中均被检出,浓度范围为0.308~209ng/g,东南部地区的污染水平显著高于西北部地区,各区域的污染水平也存在一定差异.DP浓度最高点(209ng/g)和次高点(46.2ng/g)均位于主要从事电子废物手工拆解及物理破碎的片区.表层土样品中anti-DP质量分数(fanti)的变化范围为0.444~0.754 (平均值:0.652±0.064),同DP工业品中的fanti值(0.65)不存在显著性差异,表明在表层土中不存在明显的异构体选择性降解.不同的电子废物处置方式对各片区表层土中DP的分布模式影响不明显.     

Cadmium and chromium in human lung tissue in relation to smoking and lung cancer

The pulmonary Cd and Cr content was determined from 53 lung cancer patients operated for cancer and from 39 patients who died of non‐malignant diseases. The results were correlated with smoking habits, pulmonary emphysema and occupational history. Both the pulmonary Cd and Cr increased with the amount of smoking. In ex‐smokers the Cr content in lung tissue did not diminish with the time since stopping smoking, but the Cd did follow the half‐life of about 9 years. The pulmonary Cd, compared with smoking habits, behaved similarly in both the lung cancer and control patients, whereas Cr in the lung cancer patients could not be explained solely by smoking, but some of the cancer patients may have been occupationally exposed to Cr. Speciation was not studied.     

Ecotoxicological testing of soil by four bacterial biotests

The objective of this work was threefold. Firstly, this paper intends to introduce four microbial toxicity screening methods (Bacillus subtilis agar diffusion method, Azotobacter agile and Pseudomonas fluorescens dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition tube test, and Photobacterium phosphoreum contact toxicity test) for the investigation of contaminated solid samples such as soil and sediment. Secondly, this work was carried out to prove that both soil characteristics and chemical form of contaminants influence the bioavailability of contaminants and alter the toxicity of soil sample considerably. Thirdly, the sensitivity of the above mentioned four biotests to different contaminants of the soil (heavy metals, organic compounds) was determined and compared. The data evaluation was processed by computer aided statistical methods such as cluster, correlation and principal components analysis by the use of Statgraphics^R.

According to cluster analysis carried out separately for chemical data and biological data, we observed that those samples that have similar chemical composition do not show similar toxicity, which is probably due to different bioavailability of contaminants, the impacts of soil characteristics as well as interaction of contaminants. According to the investigation of sensitivity of the examined four biotests the following conclusion could be drawn: P. phosphoreum and A. agile tests are similar in the sense that they are sensitive to Cu to a large extent and also to PAHs and hydrocarbons (CH) to a lesser extent. B. subtilis test corresponds well with P. fluorescens test method since both tests give good correlation with heavy metals. Neither B. subtilis nor P.fluorescens biotests are sensitive to organic soil contaminants such as PAH and CH.     

A critique on neuroscientific methodologies in organizational behavior and management studies

Organizational neuroscience continues to flourish in organizational behavior and management studies as indicated by the growing number of publications. However, with a few exceptions, substantive critiques of organizational neuroscience are conspicuous by their absence. In this point–counterpoint article, we aim to redress this imbalance. We do so by asking two significant yet neglected questions: (i) how strong is the science behind this domain, and (ii) why are we doing this type of research (the so what? question)? Our analysis shows that the science behind organizational neuroscience is far less rigorous than currently advocated (due to low statistical power of some neuroimaging studies plus an inability to locate mental phenomena precisely in the brain). In terms of the so what? question, we encourage researchers to move away from general statements and become more specific about the phenomena they research. We contend that the practical implications of this research, as well as inferences of the link to behavioral changes, are currently overstated. We also underscore the importance for these studies to become contextually sensitive in order for the researchers to capture important events in the workplace. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于随机样本的BP模型在水质评价中的应用

运用BP(误差反向传播)模型对水环境质量进行综合评价,主要针对以前BP模型在水质评价中存在的学习训练样本过少,没有检验样本等问题,用随机数发生器在每个级别范围内产生大量的数据作为训练样本和检验样本,并尝试以MSE函数生成均方误差作为检验样本的输出值与期望输出值的比较,检验网络评价未知样本的能力,大大提高了神经网络评价水质时的精度。     

Progress in herbicide determination with the thylakoid bioassay

Chloroplast thylakoids are used as biological units to determine herbicides in different kinds of water samples as well as in aqueous extracts of compost, soil or food samples. The thylakoid bioassy shows clearly inhibition of fluorescence yield in the presence of photosystem II specific herbicides. Due to this method the ecotoxicological effect of samples with unknown pollutants can be tested fast and cost effective. It has been proven that all photosynthetic active compounds are recorded at the same time because only additive interactions occur. Therefore, the contamination level can be expressed as cumulative parameter for photosystem II active substances. Application was improved clearly by the addition of the radical scavenger sodium ascorbate to the isolation media and by a higher concentration of the measuring medium. A new data evaluation method is described yielding in a lower detection limit of 0.4 μg diuron/1. The guidelines for the quality of water for human consumption with an allowable concentration of pesticides in groups is 0,5 μg/1 [1,2] and can be controlled with the thylakoid bioassay without performing any preconcentration steps.