OCCURRENCE OF TOTAL DISSOLVED PHOSPHORUS IN UNCONSOLIDATED AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS IN IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Seven sets of ground water samples from 103 observation wells were analyzed for total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in four areas and five materials including loess and loess derived alluvium in the Deep Loess Hills of western Iowa, outwash and fractured till adjacent to Clear Lake in north central Iowa, fractured till in central Iowa, and a sand and gravel aquifer in northwest Iowa. Land use in ground water recharge zones in all four areas is dominated by crop or animal production or both. Concentrations of TDP exceeding the minimum laboratory detection limit of 20 μg/l as P were found in all areas and in all materials sampled. Samples from the outwash deposits associated with Clear Lake contained significantly larger concentrations than all other areas and materials with a median of 160 μg/l. Water from fractured till in three areas produced the smallest range of concentrations with a median of 40 μg/l. The mean value of TDP in all sample sets exceeded 50 μg/l, an important ecological threshold that causes increased productivity in lakes and perennial streams and one being considered as a surface water nutrient standard by regulatory agencies. These results clearly show that ground water in essentially all near‐surface aquifers and aquitards discharging to Iowa's streams and lakes is capable of sustaining P concentrations of 50 to 100 μg/l in streams, lakes, and reservoirs. Consequently, even if point discharges and sediment sources of P are substantially reduced, ground‐water discharge to surface water may exceed critical thresholds under most conditions.     

我国黄土高原地区农业生产的气候脆弱性变化预测

在生态脆弱的黄土高原地区,农业生产受到气候变化的影响波动很大。本文在介绍脆弱性的有关定义和农业生产的气候脆弱性评估方案的基础上,对1997年的脆弱性状况做了初步评估,并利用有关GCM预测结果,估算了有关灾害指标的可能变化,对未来黄土高原地区农业生产的气候脆弱性可能变化进行了预测,其评估方法和预测结果可为有关部门决策提供一定的科学依据。     

黄土残塬沟壑区土地开发适宜性评价方法研究

以发展经济为准绳，利用生物措施，开发土地资源，是有效地控制和改善黄土残塬沟壑区日益恶化的生态环境的根本保证。本文针对如何合理地利用农作物、果树、林木和牧草开发土地资源问题，提出了土地开发的适宜性评价方法，并以土地调查的小斑为单元，选用了原土地利用类型、坡度、坡向和海拔高程４个指标，对地处这一地区且作为国家＂八五＂重点攻关项目的隰县试验区的土地开发适宜性进行了评价，经初步开发实施，已收到了显著效果。     

青海高原地震重灾区的灾害特点及成因探析

本文运用1950～2003年53年间青海高原地震主发区5.0级以上(包括5.0级)地震资料分析了该区地震灾害的特点.提出本研究区地震灾害具有频发性和轮回性、重灾轮回的时间周期长、强震的毁坏性大、以及强余震灾害连发而损害程度严重等特点,并认为青藏高原整体地壳构造运动和本区断裂构造十分发育(特别是北西西-北西向弧形断裂的发育)是该区地震灾害重发的主要原因.     

黄土长大隧道机械化快速施工及安全控制技术研究

为解决黄土长大隧道工期受限问题,拟采用成套机械化工装设备配合三台阶三步法快速施工工艺完成安全、高效的隧道施工。以蒙华运煤专线隧道群快速作业为背景,研究三台阶三步法快速施工工艺和安全控制技术,提出能有效控制黄土隧道围岩变形量的“两紧跟”技术和解决衬砌混凝土背后脱空问题的二衬混凝土滑槽逐窗入模浇筑技术、拱顶带模注浆及防脱空监测技术。结果表明:联合应用“两紧跟”技术、混凝土滑槽逐窗入模技术和拱顶带模注浆及防脱空监测技术可大幅提高成套机械化工装设备配合三台阶三步法快速掘进施工的可靠性,保障工程快速、安全及经济施工。研究结果具有较好的普适性,可成为长大黄土隧道快速施工工艺选择的依据和施工安全控制问题的典型解决方案。     

非饱和黄土微观结构与黄土滑坡

原状黄土属于非饱和黄土,对非饱和黄土的微观结构研究对于研究黄土地区边坡的稳定性具有重要意义。通过研究区黄土的SEM图像的微观结构分析和利用Janbu法对典型黄土滑坡进行边坡稳定性的计算分析,认为该地区黄土的内部微观结构以架空结构和镶嵌结构为主,在大颗粒上附着的胶结物较少;随着深度的增加,土体上覆压力增大,土体具有明显的挤压变形现象;黄土体在天然状态下处于极限稳定状态,随着含水量增加,边坡稳定性下降,达到饱和状态时,处于不稳定状态;随着黄土地区经济的快速发展,人类水事活动和工程性经济活动广泛开展,人为因素逐渐成为诱发滑坡发生的主导因素。     

黄土高原生态化油田建设

针对长庆油田在黄土高原较为脆弱的生态环境下,建设西部大庆过程中所面临的油田快速发展与生态保护之间的矛盾,运用工业生态学原理,总结探讨了长庆油田以企业文化、数字化油田、集约用地、研究配套实用勘探开发技术、体制机制改革、发展循环经济及管理创新等手段对建设生态化油田进行探索,实现企业发展、生态保护、企地和谐,通过油田的开发改善和促进黄土高原的生态文明。     

Effect of Rainfall Regime and Slope on Runoff in a Gullied Loess Region on the Loess Plateau in China

Runoff was measured from seven plots with different slopes nested in Tuanshangou catchment on the Loess Plateau to study effect of slopes on runoff in relation to rainfall regimes. Based on nine years of field observation and K-mean clusters, 84 rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regime A is the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regime C consists of events with low intensity, long duration, and infrequent occurrence. Rainfall regime B is the aggregation of events of medium intensity and medium duration, and less frequent occurrence. The following results were found: (1) Different from traditional studies, runoff coefficient neither decreased nor increased, but presented peak value on the slope surfaces; (2) For individual plot, runoff coefficients induced by rainfall regime A were the highest, and those induced by rainfall regime C were the lowest; Downslope, the runoff coefficients induced by three rainfall regimes presented the same changing trend, although the peak value induced by regime A occurred on a shorter slope length compared to those by regime B and C; (3) Scale effect on runoff induced by rainfall regime A was the least, and that induced by rainfall regime C was the largest. These results can be explained by the interactions of crusting, soil moisture content, slope length and gradient, and erosion units, etc., in the context of different rainfall regimes.     

青藏高原东北侧突发性暴雨特征综合分析

对1970-2007年发生在青藏高原东北侧陕西的突发性暴雨研究发现,其夜间降水特点明显,对流层中层较强的偏南气流是突发性暴雨水汽输送贡献最大者和低层辐合的主要动力来源。偏南气流北伸的位置决定突发性暴雨落区偏南或偏北,300hPa一致的纬向12～20m·s-1强风速带为突发性暴雨提供高层抽吸作用。上述两点对突发性暴雨落区有一定的预报指示意义。云图分析显示,突发性暴雨多有中尺度云团配合,上升运动最大值的高度层与突发性暴雨落区地域位置有关。     

高原地区672例尘肺患者死因分析

为了探讨高原地区尘肺患者死因特点及其规律,对青海省1955—2005年间诊断的2 942例尘肺患者有关资料进行了回顾性收集,并采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计分析。结果显示,青海省共有7种尘肺,其中矽肺和煤工尘肺占尘肺总数的93.88%。至2005年底,共有672例已死亡,尘肺病死率为22.84%。尘肺患者死亡年龄集中在40~49岁、50~59岁、60~岁组,占整个死亡总数的92.26%。平均死亡年龄为60.24岁,并且随着年代的推移而延长。尘肺患者平均寿命损失为15年。对死因分析后发现,前3位死因依次为:肺心病、尘肺和肺结核。探讨、分析及研究的结果表明,高原地区尘肺患者的首位死因为肺心病,提示在今后高原地区尘肺病防治工作中应加以重视。