长期定位施肥对土壤微量元素含量的影响

在25年长期定位试验研究基础上,分析了无肥、N、NP、NPK、N 有机肥和N 秸秆6个不同施肥处理的0～20cm土壤微量元素B、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的质量分数变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理的土壤有效B和有效Zn均为增加,分别是试验基础数值的2.9倍～4.7倍和1.0倍～4.7倍。N 有机肥处理质量分数最高,无肥处理最低。有效Fe、Mn、Cu的质量分数除N 有机肥处理的Fe和Cu增加了0.95mg·kg-1和0.43mg·kg-1以外,都呈现出下降的趋势。各处理的土壤全量Fe呈减少趋势,全量Mn、Cu和Zn除无肥处理和Cu除单施N肥处理稍有减少以外,都呈现增加的趋势。全量Cu和Zn以N 有机肥处理质量分数最高,N 秸秆和施用P肥处理次之。施用以垃圾、畜禽废弃物为原料的有机肥以及施用P肥等可以增加土壤微量元素,施肥是影响土壤微量元素质量分数变化的重要因素。     

填埋场环境下HDPE膜老化特性及其对周边地下水污染风险的影响

为研究危险废物填埋场环境下防渗系统HDPE膜（高密度聚乙烯膜）材料老化规律及其对渗滤液产生、渗漏和区域地下水环境的影响,通过HDPE膜缺陷现场检测及室内老化性能测试,获取了HDPE膜初始缺陷特征参数（漏洞密度）和缺陷演化特征参数（老化起始时间和半衰期）,并以上述参数作为输入,综合运用HELP模型（填埋场水文过程评估模型）与Landsim模型（填埋场地下水污染风险模拟模型）对HDPE膜老化条件下的渗滤液产生、渗漏和地下水污染过程进行模拟预测.结果表明:①现场条件下HDPE膜在第2年开始老化,第8年达到半衰期.②HDPE膜老化导致漏洞数量和渗透系数增加,进而导致渗滤液渗漏量增加,地下水污染风险逐渐增加.短期（0~5 a）内,地下水超标概率为0,污染风险较小;中期（5~10 a）内,距离填埋场200 m内污染超标概率污染≥ 80%,污染风险较大,但400 m外的污染概率为0,污染风险较小;就长期（>10 a）而言,距离填埋场1 000 m处,污染超标概率达100%,地下水污染风险极大.填埋场现场条件下,防渗材料劣化及老化过程较实验室条件更为迅速,导致渗滤液长期渗漏、地下水污染风险加剧,因此建议加强填埋场设计和运行中HDPE膜抗老化研究,保障危险废物填埋场长期安全运行.      

不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响

采用田间试验研究不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响。结果表明,N2O释放量随着耕层土壤硝态氮含量增加而上升。不同施肥处理对N2O排放量影响不同,低氮处理(N1)排放量(整个玉米生育期按185d计算)为1.18kg·hm-2,高氮处理(N2)为2.39kg·hm-2。随着施氮量的增加,反硝化作用加强,N2O排放量上升,以N2O形式损失加剧。相同施氮水平条件下,随着有机肥施入量的增加土壤N2O排放量上升,其中以高氮高有机肥处理(M2N2)N2O排放量最高,达到了7.05kg·hm-2,占所投入氮肥的2.34%。相同氮素供应水平条件下增施磷、钾肥,也会增加N2O排放量。整个玉米生育时期通过N2O排放损失的肥料占投入氮肥比例为0.99%～2.46%。     

Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics in the Serengeti: Lessons for Conservation

Abstract:  Data from long-term ecological studies further understanding of ecosystem dynamics and can guide evidence-based management. In a quasi-natural experiment we examined long-term monitoring data on different components of the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem to trace the effects of disturbances and thus to elucidate cause-and-effect connections between them. The long-term data illustrated the role of food limitation in population regulation in mammals, particularly in migratory wildebeest and nonmigratory buffalo. Predation limited populations of smaller resident ungulates and small carnivores. Abiotic events, such as droughts and floods, created disturbances that affected survivorship of ungulates and birds. Such disturbances showed feedbacks between biotic and abiotic realms. Interactions between elephants and their food allowed savanna and grassland communities to co-occur. With increased woodland vegetation, predators' capture of prey increased. Anthropogenic disturbances had direct (hunting) and indirect (transfer of disease to wildlife) effects. Slow and rapid changes and multiple ecosystem states became apparent only over several decades and involved events at different spatial scales. Conservation efforts should accommodate both infrequent and unpredictable events and long-term trends. Management should plan on the time scale of those events and should not aim to maintain the status quo. Systems can be self-regulating through food availability and predator-prey interactions; thus, culling may not be required. Ecosystems can occur in multiple states; thus, there may be no a priori need to maintain one natural state. Finally, conservation efforts outside protected areas must distinguish between natural change and direct human-induced change. Protected areas can act as ecological baselines in which human-induced change is kept to a minimum     

Time Series Analysis to Monitor and Assess Water Resources: A Moving Average Approach

An understanding of the behavior of the groundwater body and its long-term trends are essential for making any management decision in a given watershed. Geostatistical methods can effectively be used to derive the long-term trends of the groundwater body. Here an attempt has been made to find out the long-term trends of the water table fluctuations of a river basin through a time series approach. The method was found to be useful for demarcating the zones of discharge and of recharge of an aquifer. The recharge of the aquifer is attributed to the return flow from applied irrigation. In the study area, farmers mainly depend on borewells for water and water is pumped from the deep aquifer indiscriminately. The recharge of the shallow aquifer implies excessive pumping of the deep aquifer. Necessary steps have to be taken immediately at appropriate levels to control the irrational pumping of deep aquifer groundwater, which is needed as a future water source. The study emphasizes the use of geostatistics for the better management of water resources and sustainable development of the area.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤固碳、氧化亚氮排放和全球增温潜势的影响

旱地农田温室气体净排放(以全球增温潜势表示)主要取决于土壤固碳速率和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量.基于长期定位施肥试验,综合分析2010～2017年表层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳含量和2014～2017年N2O排放通量的观测结果,定量评价秸秆还田对关中平原冬小麦-夏玉米农田土壤固碳速率、N2O年排放量和全球增温潜势的影响...     

基于双维度校验的珠三角区域臭氧生成机制长期时空演化特征识别

臭氧（O₃）污染已经成为我国主要城市区域大气环境的首要污染物,由于其生成与前体物之间呈现高度非线性的关系,O₃生成机制的识别对前体物的减排具有基础性的重要作用.针对常规方法难以较好对机制的长期演化特征进行识别问题,基于常规观测数据（O₃、NO₂）和温度（T）与挥发性有机物活性（VOCR）之间的关系,从NO₂和T两个维度对珠三角区域O₃的生成机制进行了识别并做校验,分析了2006~2020年期间O₃的趋势变化规律和原因,研究了机制的长期演化特征.结果表明,O₃浓度随NO₂和T水平的升高呈现升高、稳定、下降和再次升高的趋势变化规律,当ρ（NO₂）处于0~35、35~45、>45 μg·m^-3和T处于>30、25~30、<25℃时,机制分别处于NO_x控制区、过渡区和VOCR控制区.不同时间段,随着T升高VOCR随之升高,推动了O₃浓度上升.由于前体物排放趋势变化和O₃生成机制状况不同,O₃浓度在不同时间段和T条件下的趋势变化规律不同.整体上,珠三角区域西部偏VOCR控制区,东部偏过渡区,两个维度机制的识别结果具有较高一致性.随时间变化,西部区域的过渡区向VOCR控制区转变,东部区域的VOCR控制区向NO_x控制区转变.在不同时间段,随着T升高O₃生成对NO_x的敏感性增强,随时间变化,高温和低温条件下O₃生成分别对NO_x和VOCR的敏感性增强.     

牛粪混合液微生物燃料电池长期运行稳定性研究

长期运行稳定性是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)技术的一项重要特征,是其能否走向实际应用的关键.生物阴极MFC利用牛粪产电的长期运行特征的研究表明,该MFC可长期、高效、稳定地产电.在100Ω外电阻下,171 d的运行期内,电池功率密度平均为6.77 W·m-3±2.11 W·m-3.第70 d的电池开路电压、内阻、最高功率密度分别为0.874 V、22.1Ω和14.1 W·m-3.随着运行时间延长,每30 d的总化学需氧量(total chemical oxygen demand,TCOD)去除量不断递减,而库仑效率(Coulomb efficiency,CE)不断递增,在121~150 d,CE可达17.5%±3.3%.阳极微生物群落结构分析表明,Proteobacteria(45%)、Bacteroidetes(22%)、Firmicutes(17%)、Actinobacteria(11%)在阳极生物膜中占有优势地位.Clostridium、Cellulomonas等已被证明具有产电能力或纤维素降解能力的细菌是阳极生物膜中的关键功能种群.     

环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件

为了研究环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件,使用京津冀晋长期气象资料和高分辨率自动气象站资料,分析了环首都圈霾和雾天气的长期变化趋势,与使用矢量和算法分析典型个例气流停滞区的形成过程.结果表明,在1950—1960年代,环首都圈京津冀晋4省市霾日非常少,1970年代开始增多,1980年代以后明显增多,并形成几个霾日集中区,比较明显的是邯郸-邢台-石家庄-保定-北京-天津的带状分布,还有太原及以南的带状分布,最为严重的情况出现在1996—2000年,2000年以后有一定减少.北京1950年代霾日比较多,最多达到1年有160 d以上霾日,与同期沙尘天气偏多相关联,随着在首都周边地区的大规模植树造林,到1967年,霾日已经减少到1年不足10 d,1970年代以后北京的能见度急剧恶化导致霾日迅速增加,到1980年代初增加到220 d以上,一直到1999年前后北京的霾日维持在每年160~200 d左右;2000年以后到北京奥运会前后,霾日持续下降,到2010年霾日仅有56 d,2012年有所反弹,增加到91 d.北京及华北地区霾日季节分布突出的特点是除去采暖季有较多的霾日外,在盛夏季节霾日也明显多,集中出现在6—9月,尤其是盛夏季节的7—8月,与所谓的桑拿天同期出现,这与全国大部分城市的变化趋势完全不同.霾过程的发生和矢量和的大小存在较为明显的正相关关系.霾过程中,在华北平原均出现明显的气流停滞区,区域矢量和很小,不利于空气中污染物的水平扩散;清洁过程时华北4省市尤其是北京地区受明显的西北气流影响,风矢量和为较一致的偏北方向,水平扩散条件较好,较利于污染物的扩散,对应同期能见度较高.京津冀西侧、北侧靠山、东邻渤海,尤其是北京小平原三面环山.太行山、燕山和军都山形成的"弓状山脉"对冷空气活动起到了阻挡和削弱作用,导致山前暖区空气流动性较小形成气流停滞区、污染物和水汽容易聚集从而有利于霾和雾的形成.由于受太行山的阻挡和背风坡气流下沉作用的影响,使得沿北京、保定、石家庄、邢台和邯郸一线的污染物不易扩散,形成一条西南-东北走向的高污染带,华北平原偏南气流的弱辐合作用和也加重了北京的污染.山西省的高浓度污染物亦在低空偏南气流输送下沿桑干河河谷和洋河河谷以及滹沱河-拒马河河谷向北京输送.河北中南部与山西诸河谷的累积污染带叠加近地层输送流场是造成北京严重霾天气过程的重要原因之一.