Using Temporal Coherence to Determine the Response to Climate Change in Boreal Shield Lakes

Climate change is expected to have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems. On the Boreal Shield, mean annual air temperatures are expected to increase 2 to 4°C over the next 50 years. An important challenge is to predict how changes in climate and climate variability will impact natural systems so that sustainable management policies can be implemented. To predict responses to complex ecosystem changes associated with climate change, we used long-term biotic databases to evaluate how important elements of the biota in Boreal Shield lakes have responded to past fluctuations in climate. Our long-term records span a two decade period where there have been unusually cold years and unusually warm years. We used coherence analyses to test for regionally operating controls on climate, water temperature, pH, and plankton richness and abundance in three regions across Ontario: the Experimental Lakes Area, Sudbury, and Dorset. Inter-annual variation in air temperature was similar among regions, but there was a weak relationship among regions for precipitation. While air temperature was closely related to lake surface temperatures in each of the regions, there were weak relationships between lake surface temperature and richness or abundance of the plankton. However, inter-annual changes in lake chemistry (i.e., pH) were correlated with some biotic variables. In some lakes in Sudbury and Dorset, pH was dependent on extreme events. For example, El Nino related droughts resulted in acidification pulses in some lakes that influenced phytoplankton and zooplankton richness. These results suggest that there can be strong heterogeneity in lake ecosystem responses within and across regions.     

长期施肥稻田土壤胞外酶活性对底物可利用性的响应特征

土壤中碳(C)和氮(N)等底物的可利用性决定着微生物生长代谢,同时影响土壤胞外酶活性.为探讨土壤酶活性对土壤原有有机质变化的响应,本试验选取了长期定位试验田的4种施肥处理水稻土[无肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机肥+化肥配施(OM)和秸秆还田+化肥配施(ST)],通过0、 4、 8和12个月的分段培养获取了具有不同可利用性C、N含量梯度的土壤,分析参与土壤碳氮转化过程的关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性与可溶性有机碳(DOC)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量的关系.结果表明,OM和ST处理对土壤中DOC含量的提高更显著(P0.01),是CK和NPK处理的2～3倍.NPK、OM和ST处理的MBC含量、BG和NAG酶活性高于CK处理.所有施肥处理中,随着可利用性底物(DOC和NH~+_4-N)含量的升高,BG和NAG活性整体呈稳定或下降趋势,MBC和MBN含量变化趋势与BG和NAG相同.施肥处理和培养时间以及二者的交互作用极显著影响(P0.01)土壤DOC、NH~+_4-N、MBC和MBN的含量.回归分析显示, OM处理MBC/MBN值与DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间正相关(P0.05);ST处理的ln(BG)/ln(NAG)值和DOC/NH~+_4-N值之间负相关(P0.01),这表明稻田土壤可利用性底物浓度是影响胞外酶活性的关键因子,且微生物量的碳氮计量比受控于土壤中底物的碳氮计量关系.该结果对深入研究稻田土壤中胞外酶活性变化规律,调节稻田土壤碳氮平衡,提高稻田土壤肥力具有一定指导意义.     

The tenth dragon: controlled seasonal flooding in long-term policy plans for the Vietnamese Mekong delta

Recently the Vietnamese government has endorsed a long-term policy plan in which it is proposed to restore controlled seasonal flooding in the upper regions of the Vietnamese part of the Mekong delta. Restoring controlled flooding would contrast a period of several decades characterized by a dominant flood prevention approach to enable intensive rice production in the delta. This article investigates a series of long-term policy plans, which have been developed for the Mekong delta since the 1960s, on their take on flood control sensu flood prevention, or the opposite, controlled seasonal flooding. By doing so it is demonstrated how perspectives on flood management have gradually evolved and, in the specific case of suggesting controlled flooding, have been framed in various ways by various actors. Contemporary proposals for controlled seasonal flooding are supported by actors ranging from governmental institutes to environmental NGOs, and connect to on-going debates about environmental challenges and sustainable development of the Mekong delta. We adopt a systems approach to analyze social, environmental and technological dynamics in the Mekong delta, and discuss whether the different interpretations of controlled flooding may contribute to the long-term sustainability of the delta.     

长期资产减值、盈余管理与价值相关性——基于新会计准则变化的实证研究

2006年2月15日财政部颁布了新的《企业会计准则》,引起了人们广泛的关注,准则中要求长期资产减值准备一经计提就不能转回,这与IASB和FASB对资产减值的规定明显不同。本文就是基于这样的背景,研究按照新会计准则提供的资产减值的信息是否增强了会计信息的价值相关性,一经计提就不能转回的规定是否能有效抑制上市公司的盈余管理行为。文章采用多元线性回归分析以及成对样本非参数检验的方法,对上述问题进行实证分析。研究结果表明,在新会计准则的规定下,上市公司计提的长期减值准备本身具有增量价值相关性,并且新准则实施以后上市公司计提的长期资产减值准备的价值相关性显著高于执行旧会计准则的年度。同时,新准则实施以后上市公司计提短期资产减值准备的盈余管理动机强于长期资产减值准备。这为2007年1月1日起实施的新会计准则中关于已计提的长期资产减值准备不可转回的变革提供了实证支持。     

物理措施控制互花米草的长期效果研究

以上海崇明东滩湿地入侵植物互花米草为研究对象,进行翻耕、碎根、刈割和生物替代控制实验。在控制措施实施后第3 a的2007年生长季,继续监测不同控制措施的长期效果。研究结果显示,(1)2007年生长季初期,不同深度翻耕处理之间以及与对照已无显著性差异,翻耕处理不能长期抑制互花米草;(2)经过3个生长季,碎根处理也与对照无显著性差异;(3)不同月份刈割的处理效果之间差异显著,经过3个生长季后,8月份扬花期刈割对互花米草生长抑制的效果最好,为最佳控制时间;(4)生物替代试验中,在移栽后第3个生长季,深度翻耕处理样方中已无存活芦苇,其它样方中的芦苇存活率、植株密度、结穗率也比前两个生长季显著下降。研究结果表明,互花米草是一种适应性很强的外来物种,利用单一的物理控制措施不能长期有效地根除互花米草,必须采取综合控制措施进行治理。     

不同施肥配比对土壤磷素固液相分配及组分的影响

以陕西长武国家长期定位试验站土壤样品为研究对象,采用25a小麦连作试验田不同氮磷配比处理11个,氮磷有机肥配施处理8个来研究不同肥料处理对磷素固液相分配及其磷素组分的影响,结果表明,黄土高原农田生态系统磷素固液相分配系数与Ca2-P和活性有机磷具有一定的相关性.同等氮素水平下(N90),随着施入磷素的增加,土壤中全磷、固相磷和液相磷的含量均呈增加趋势,而固液相分配系数却呈减少趋势.同一磷素(P90)水平下,氮素的施入对磷素利用也存在一定的影响,全磷在N135时达到最小值,固相速效磷有减少趋势,液相磷在N135时达到最大值,固液相分配系数以单施磷处理(无氮肥施入)最大.Ca2-P和活性有机磷对于磷素的固液相分配起着一定的决定作用,有机物质对磷素的有效性具有很大的激发作用.平衡施肥对磷素高效利用和减少面源污染具有很重要作用.     

Sustainability indicators for environmental performance and sustainability assessment of the productions of four fine Italian wines

Increased awareness of the importance of environmental protection and the introduction of international standards like ISO 14001 stimulated development of environmental sustainability indicators as a means to measure systems environmental performance. Here, a thermodynamic approach, emergy analysis (Odum, 1988) was used to obtain sustainability indicators able to analyse and quantify the productive and ecological performance of four famous Italian wine productions: Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino, Nobile di Montepulciano, and Barbera d'hti. The application to agricultural production was motivated by the growing need for productive and environmentally sound development in modern agriculture, in which the resource base, the environment, is preserved. The choice of wines, more precisely, grape production, is due to their importance for Italian agriculture and the economy. All the wines demonstrated a good long-term environmental sustainability, especially in view of their high quality and in comparison with the average Italian wine production. Emergy analysis proved a powerful tool for assessing environmental performance of these systems, and its use could easily be extended to other wine productions to obtain a form of environmental performance classification of this product. Systematic use of emergy analysis to assess environmental performance of different processes and products, not necessarily in agriculture, could be useful for environmental certification.     

Long-term trends of fine particulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ), China

Understanding the trends in PM_2.5 levels is essential for formulating clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM_2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). The long-term variation in PM_2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and SO42− show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration ranges from 49.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) for PM_2.5 (35 μg·m⁻³). Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO42− are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8 μg·m⁻³, respectively. NO3− and NH4+ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m⁻³ and 2.9 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m⁻³ and 5.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of+ 0.2 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹ and+ 0.1 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM_2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO42− are the dominant components of PM_2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM_2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM_2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.     

垂直流人工湿地不同填料长期运行效果研究

在高水力负荷(2400~3400mm/d)条件下,以沸石、无烟煤、页岩、蛭石、陶瓷滤料、砾石、钢渣和生物陶粒为填料,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水实验(历时25个月).结果表明,随着系统的运行,各填料对COD的去除能力均有不同程度提高.沸石对污水中氮素的处理能力保持在较高的水平,对TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别高达82.03%和91.32%.钢渣对TP和可溶性反应磷(SRP)的平均去除率分别高达89.61%和96.77%,且净化效果稳定;无烟煤第2阶段对磷素的净化能力低于钢渣,之后与钢渣无显著性差异.在垂直流人工湿地中,针对水质特性选择长期高效的填料,如沸石、无烟煤和生物陶粒,在高水力负荷条件下可获得更好的处理效果.     

长期施用化肥和有机肥对稻田土壤重金属及其有效性的影响

为研究长期施肥下红壤稻田土壤重金属累积及有效态分布特征,探讨其主要影响因子,选择持续了35年的长期定位试验的不施肥（CK）、磷钾化肥（PK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和不同比例有机肥化肥配施（M1NPK、M2NPK和M3NPK）等6个处理,分析了土壤化学指标、重金属全量（THM）和有效态的分布特征,以及重金属有效态含量与化学指标和全量之间的关系.结果表明,长期施肥改变了土壤化学性质,与CK处理相比,PK处理显著提高了土壤速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量,NPK处理显著提高了土壤有机质（SOM）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、AP和AK含量,有机肥处理（M1NPK、M2NPK和M3NPK）则大幅提高了SOM、CEC、AP、AK和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量;化肥处理（PK和NPK）土壤重金属全量总体上变化不大,有机肥处理土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量显著提高;化肥处理显著提高了土壤有效态Cr和As含量,有机肥处理显著提高了土壤有效态Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As和Fe的含量;土壤有效态Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Fe与SOM、CEC、AP、NO₃^--N含量之间呈显著正相关,另外有效态Zn和Cd还与土壤pH呈显著正相关,而有效态Pb与土壤pH、SOM、CEC和NO₃^--N含量之间呈显著负相关;土壤Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量与全量之间显著正相关,而Cr、Fe有效态含量与全量之间显著负相关;冗余分析发现,SOM和pH分别解释了重金属全量方差变异的80.7%和5.5%,土壤CEC、AP和pH分别解释了重金属有效态方差变异的81.1%、4.9%和3.3%,达到显著水平;进一步通过偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）分析,发现THM、CEC和AP对土壤重金属有效态影响的路径系数分别为0.459、0.417和0.293,达到显著水平.长期施用猪粪等有机肥显著改善了土壤化学性质,并影响了土壤重金属有效性,其中土壤CEC和AP可能起到了关键的调控作用.