低温时污泥膨胀对MBR中膜污染的影响

通过一体式膜生物反应装置考察了在低温条件下发生污泥膨胀过程中反应器的运行效果和膜污染的情况,并从微生物角度分析了引起膜污染的因素.结果表明,低温时COD上清液和出水平均去除率分别为85%和92%,发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后去除率变化不大.MBR中丝状菌污泥膨胀形成的过程中,污泥沉降性变差,丝状菌丰度（FI）由2增加到5,丝状菌伸出絮体形成网状结构.低温时膜操作压力随时间呈直线变化,膜组件的水力清洗周期为15 d.在丝状菌大量繁殖时缩短到7 d,膜污染严重.通过测定活性污泥的特性,发现膨胀污泥的胞外聚合物（EPS）总量是正常污泥的3倍,污泥絮体相对疏水性（RH）随FI的提高而增大.EPS和RH增大后会引起更多物质沉积到膜表面,使膜污染速率提高,膜的运行周期变短.进一步的分析表明,混合液粘度、Zeta电位、污泥絮体形态也是影响膜污染的因素.     

基于重要度的系统可靠性分配方法

将系统的可靠性分配理论与故障树分析方法相结合,提出按故障树中各个基本事件(元件)的重要度大小进行可靠性分配的新方法.该方法可靠度的分配过程分两步:首先按可靠性再分配原理将系统的可靠度分配到各个最小割集;然后将需要调整可靠度的最小割集看成一个子系统,将最小割集的可靠度按基本事件重要度的大小分配到各个基本事件,即所谓二次分配模型.该方法不仅适用于仅有串、并联的简单系统,而且能够解决具有桥联结构的复杂系统的可靠性分配问题.     

低碳氮比猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮

针对低碳氮比猪场废水传统脱氮法碳源不足的问题,采用SBBR反应器进行短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮.实验表明,短程硝化反硝化预处理可为厌氧氨氧化创造良好的进水条件;经预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果显著,氨氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、 99.3%、 84.1%,废水中残留有机物未对厌氧氨氧化效果产生明显影响,氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮平均变化量之比为 1∶1.21∶0.24.色质联用分析结果显示,猪场废水中有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应前后未发生明显变化,主要化合物为酯类和烷烃类物质;特殊功能菌种检测结果表明,实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存的系统,厌氧氨氧化菌是该系统主要脱氮功能菌.     

含风电的电力系统低碳经济调度

含风电场的电力系统调度是一个多目标优化问题。运用机会约束方法,建立了包括低碳化和发电成本两个目标函数的调度模型,在充分考虑环境保护效益的同时,提出了风险成本的概念,使得发电成本更切合工程实际。在改进自适应遗传算法的基础上,引入了pareto最优解集方法,充分发挥了遗传算法的全局搜索能力和pareto求解多目标问题的潜力。通过实际调度案例验证了所提算法的合理性。     

SO2和H2O对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温SCR活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂并考察其活性,研究了SO_2和H_2O对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂的影响,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR对中毒前后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,催化剂在无SO_2和H_2O条件下具有良好的脱硝性能,在140℃时NO_x去除率达到84%。但若向模拟烟气中加入SO_2和H_2O,则随其体积分数增大对催化剂活性产生明显抑制作用。当H_2O的体积分数为5%、SO_2为700×10-6时,反应4 h后,NO_x去除率降为53%。H_2O对催化剂的抑制作用随H_2O的除去而消除,H_2O主要通过与NO_x的竞争吸附来抑制催化剂的活性。低浓度的SO_2对催化剂活性影响较小,SO_2体积分数为100×10~(-6)时,稳定后NO_x去除率仍能维持在80%以上,但较高体积分数的SO_2引起的催化剂失活不可自行恢复。SO_2毒化作用主要是引起了硫酸铵盐覆盖催化剂的表面活性位,以及造成活性组分MnO_x的晶化,并破坏了MnO_x与TiO_2间的强相互作用。H_2O和SO_2共同存在时,H_2O可以弱化SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用,主要因为H_2O与SO_2的竞争吸附作用而使SO_2对催化剂活性的影响减弱。     

Assumptions beyond the science: encouraging cautious conclusions about functional magnetic resonance imaging research on organizational behavior

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is likely to become the major tool for studying the neural underpinnings of organizational behavior. It is a technique for brain imaging that, according to advocates, provides information about which areas of the brain are activated during organizational processes (e.g., leadership and decision‐making). In this article, we take a critical look at this tool from a technical perspective. In particular, we take the reader through the assumptions that must be made at the three main steps of the research process (study design, data capture, and interpretation of results) in order to draw conclusions about organizational phenomena from fMRI research. Applying this analysis to three case studies demonstrates the gap between what fMRI can actually tell us and the claims often made about the contribution of fMRI to understanding and improving organizational behavior. Our discussion provides researchers with a series of recommendations oriented toward optimizing the use of fMRI to help it live up to its potential in the field of organizational behavior and consumers with a means of evaluating fMRI research in order to draw appropriate and warranted conclusions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉NOx排放扩散迁移规律的影响研究

运用Fluent计算软件对北京市丰台区某燃气锅炉排放烟气中NOx的转化和扩散过程进行了数值模拟,定量地研究了烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉排放NOx在大气中的迁移规律产生的影响,并与Screen 3模型模拟的结果进行了对比.研究发现:烟气深度余热回收技术的应用使NOx的最大落地浓度与烟气直排时相比增加了2.5倍,NOx对本地地表的影响面积增大了15750 m2,增加了本地环境污染的风险.结合燃气锅炉的NOx控制技术提出了缓解局部环境风险的解决方案.结果表明,烟气深度余热回收技术与低氮燃烧技术联用,NOx的控制效率达到70%以上时,在有效提升锅炉热效率的同时,可以缓解由于烟温大幅下降造成的本地环境污染恶化的风险.     

蚯蚓对土壤中有机化学成分组成的影响

蚯蚓是最为重要的土壤动物之一,不仅可以改良土壤结构和肥力,还能促进土壤矿物风化。为研究蚯蚓风化土壤矿物的机理,弄清蚯蚓对土壤中有机化学成分的影响,我们以甲醇为浸提剂浸提蚯蚓处理过的土壤和无蚯蚓的土壤,对提取物硅烷化衍生处理后,用GC-MS进行了分析。结果发现无论是蚯蚓处理过的土壤还是无蚯蚓的土壤,提取物中种类最多的化学物质是烃类,其次是酯类;腈类种类虽非常少,但相对含量却非常高。蚯蚓处理的土壤与无蚯蚓的土壤二者之间有机化学成分确实有很大的不同:从蚯蚓处理过的土壤中共发现了22种特有成分,从无蚓蚓的土壤中共发现了26种特有成分。虽然蚯蚓处理的土壤和无蚯蚓的土壤均检测到了微量的有机酸,但无论是酸的种类还是数量二者间均无明显差异。另外,检测结果也未发现铁载体。因此,蚯蚓诱导的微生物对土壤矿物的风化应该是在土壤矿物局部区域发挥作用,其风化机理用连宾的综合效应假说解释更为合理。     

国外实施低碳经济转型对中国低碳经济发展的启示研究

中国人口基数大、发展水平低、人均资源占有量少的特点以及巨大燃煤量也导致中国环境污染问题愈发严重,决定了中国必须向发展低碳经济转变.中国应通过提高能源使用率,减少资源消耗,开发可再生能源等途径,削弱资源对经济发展的限制.虽然中国的基本国情和发展现状使中国向低碳经济发展转变的难度较大,但是发达国家实施低碳经济转型的实践活动为中国发展低碳经济提供了许多宝贵的经验,让中国发展低碳经济的过程中少走许多弯路,使中国向低碳经济更好的发展.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.