主流条件下两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺的高效能脱氮过程

中低温条件下采用两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺对低浓度NH_4~+-N(50 mg·L~(-1))污水进行高效脱氮过程研究.结果表明,20~14℃范围内PN-ANAMMOX工艺的脱氮负荷和TN去除率可分别维持在0.6 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和80%以上;两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺在限NO_2~--N和限NH_4~+-N两种模式下均可保持稳定运行,其中限NH_4~+-N运行模式为污水极限脱氮需求奠定了良好基础.当温度降至12℃时,PN-ANAMMOX工艺的脱氮负荷下降至0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,低温使得ANAMMOX反应成为工艺脱氮的限速步骤而对PN无明显影响.ANAMMOX污泥比PN颗粒污泥具有更高的温度敏感性,二者活性的温度系数分别为1.056和1.172.综上可知,对于低温条件下运行的两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺,ANAMMOX菌体数量及活性是决定工艺脱氮负荷的步骤,而PN出水中基质组成(即NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N之比和NO_3~--N浓度)是控制工艺脱氮效果的环节.基于上述结果,提出两级式PN-ANAMMOX工艺主流条件下实现高效能脱氮的分级分离式调控策略.     

水平搅拌下低高径比SBR中好氧活性污泥的颗粒化

在设有水平机械搅拌、高径比（H/D）为1.2的圆柱形鼓风曝气SBR中,考察了活性污泥的颗粒化情况,对成熟颗粒污泥表面所受水力剪切速率进行了定量研究,分析了水平搅拌在颗粒化过程中的作用.结果表明：有水平搅拌存在下污泥逐渐颗粒化,形成了均值粒径为1.12mm的好氧颗粒污泥,污泥沉降速度为21.41m/h;计算结果表明污泥表面所受的平均剪切速率为27.25s^-1,剪切应力为3.38×10^-2N/m²;污泥表面所受平均剪切速率与机械搅拌速率和表观气速均呈正相关关系;实验条件下机械搅拌对剪切速率的贡献要远大于表观气速的贡献,前者指数约为后者的37.48倍.研究认为水平搅拌在反应器中形成的具有足够剪切强度的旋涡二次流是促使低高径比反应器好氧污泥颗粒化的关键水力条件.     

基于PCA-BP神经网络的多股铜导线 熔痕定量金相识别方法研究

为实现火灾现场中多股铜导线熔痕的自动识别,采用主成分分析(PCA)和反向传播(BP)神经网络算法对四种多股铜导线熔痕(一次短路熔痕、二次短路熔痕、过负荷熔痕和火烧熔痕)的金相组织进行了识别研究。利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0和Axio-Imaging软件获取每种熔痕30组17维金相组织参数数据,采用PCA对四种熔痕共120组数据降维,获得前6个主成分得分矩阵,建立具有6个输入层节点,10个隐层节点和4个输出节点的神经网络模式识别模型。随机抽取每种熔痕的20组样品的主成分得分矩阵作为训练集,将每种熔痕的剩余10组主成分得分为测试数据,输入最终训练完成的模型进行识别,其识别准确率达到92.5%。实验结果表明采用PCA+BP神经网络的算法,可以较好地实现多股铜导线熔痕识别,为火灾物证鉴定工作提供了有力的工具。     

吸水性还原性材料对煤自燃影响的实验研究

为了解决吸水性盐和还原性材料仅依靠其单一特性抑制煤自燃而抑制效果并不理想的问题,提出了利用羟甲基磺酸钠的吸水性和还原性来抑制煤自燃。将原煤-20%羟甲基磺酸钠通过对比原煤、原煤-20%MgCl2和原煤-20%VC,利用程序升温实验和FTIR测试来研究其抑制煤自燃的效果。研究结果表明:3种溶液处理煤均在一定程度上抑制了煤自燃,其中,20%羟甲基磺酸钠溶液对抑制煤低温氧化的效果最好,经过其处理的煤样表观活化能最大,同时,依靠其还原性很好地保护了煤中的亚甲基和羟基不被破坏,抑制煤自燃效果明显优于20%MgCl2溶液和20%VC溶液。     

低压环境对锂电池热失控释放温度影响

为研究锂电池在民航飞行低压特殊环境的安全性及发生热失控灾害后的高温危险性,通过可模拟飞行变动条件的动压变温实验舱开展系列实验,研究锂电池在不同低压环境下的（101,60,30 kPa）多节18650型锂离子电池热失控温度特性,采集电池池体温度及热失控喷射释放温度等参数。研究结果表明:随环境压力降低,圆柱锂电池间的热失控传播并不能被阻断,但锂电池热失控灾害所释放产生的高温区域减少,且高温持续时间变短,释放所产生温度的高温危险性随环境压力的降低而有所降低。     

基于低碳效益的微电网能量优化调度

根据微电网中各分布式电源(DG)的特点,综合考虑各DG的安装、运行、维护成本、碳排放治理成本以及风电、光伏补贴等,分别构建各微源的低碳综合成本模型,在满足系统约束的条件下,提出一种计及微电网低碳效益的能量优化调度模型。深入挖掘微电网的低碳效益,确定微电网优化调度运行策略,依据构建的调度模型,应用混沌粒子群算法(CPSO)解决各个实用的运行策略中的优化调度问题。通过仿真验证了模型和算法的有效性,并对各运行策略及大电网供电对比分析,证实微电网的低碳效益明显。     

Modeling level-of-safety for bus stops in China

Objective: Safety performance at bus stops is generally evaluated by using historical traffic crash data or traffic conflict data. However, in China, it is quite difficult to obtain such data mainly due to the lack of traffic data management and organizational issues. In light of this, the primary objective of this study is to develop a quantitative approach to evaluate bus stop safety performance.

Methods: The concept of level-of-safety for bus stops is introduced and corresponding models are proposed to quantify safety levels, which consider conflict points, traffic factors, geometric characteristics, traffic signs and markings, pavement conditions, and lighting conditions. Principal component analysis and k-means clustering methods were used to model and quantify safety levels for bus stops.

Results: A case study was conducted to show the applicability of the proposed model with data collected from 46 samples for the 7 most common types of bus stops in China, using 32 of the samples for modeling and 14 samples for illustration. Based on the case study, 6 levels of safety for bus stops were defined. Finally, a linear regression analysis between safety levels and the number of traffic conflicts showed that they had a strong relationship (R² value of 0.908).

Conclusions: The results indicated that the method was well validated and could be practically used for the analysis and evaluation of bus stop safety in China. The proposed model was relatively easy to implement without the requirement of traffic crash data and/or traffic conflict data. In addition, with the proposed method, it was feasible to evaluate countermeasures to improve bus stop safety (e.g., exclusive bus lanes).     

低溶氧 A／O 磁生化法污水处理新工艺中试研究

采用改良型的A2／O工艺试验装置进行试验,在水力停留时间为12 h、溶解氧浓度为0．5～0．8 mg／L的条件下,考察了投加改性的磁性药剂前后进、出水各污染物的变化情况。结果表明,投加改性的磁性药剂前后, COD、NH 3－N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为68％与81％、55％与80％、51％与69％、44％与70％,较投加改性的磁性药剂前,去除率分别提高了19％、45％、35％、59％。中试结果证明,该改性的磁性药剂可以提高反应池对上述污染物的去除效果,应用前景较好。     

关于绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨

针对绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨问题,介绍了什么是绿色建筑,提出了绿色建筑是中国低碳经济建设的必然要求,探讨了绿色建筑的发展,主要包括:国外某些国家绿色建筑的发展和中国绿色建筑的发展,提出了绿色建筑的认识误区,主要包括绿色并不等于高价格和高成本、绿色建筑不仅局限于新建建筑和建筑节能不只是政府的职责,总结出中国绿色建筑的推广与运用,主要是研究和推广符合中国国情的绿色建筑、大力推广“绿色建筑”的标识和中国绿色建筑推广的实例.     

Application of chemometric analysis based on physicochemical and chromatographic data for the differentiation origin of plant protection products containing chlorpyrifos

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the pesticide samples in form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) formulation containing chlorpyrifos as active ingredient coming from different sources (i.e., shops and wholesales) and also belonging to various series. The results obtained by the Headspace Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry method and also some selected physicochemical properties of examined pesticides including pH, density, stability, active ingredient and water content in pesticides tested were compared using two chemometric methods. Applicability of simple cluster analysis and also principal component analysis of obtained data in differentiation of examined plant protection products coming from different sources was confirmed. It would be advantageous in the routine control of originality and also in the detection of counterfeit pesticides, respectively, among commercially available pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient.