Effect of Snow Cover Conditions on the Hydrologic Regime: Case Study in a Pluvial‐Nival Watershed,Japan1

Abstract: Hydrologic monitoring in a small forested and mountainous headwater basin in Niigata Prefecture has been undertaken since 2000. An important characteristic of the basin is that the hydrologic regime contains pluvial elements year‐round, including rain‐on‐snow, in addition to spring snowmelt. We evaluated the effect of different snow cover conditions on the hydrologic regime by analyzing observed data in conjunction with model simulations of the snowpack. A degree‐day snow model is presented and applied to the study basin to enable estimation of the basin average snow water equivalent using air temperature at three representative elevations. Analysis of hydrological time series data and master recession curves showed that flow during the snowmelt season was generated by a combination of ground water flow having a recession constant of 0.018/day and diurnal melt water flow having a recession constant of 0.015/hour. Daily flows during the winter/snowmelt season showed greater persistence than daily flows during the warm season. The seasonal water balance indicated that the ratio of runoff to precipitation during the cold season (December to May) was about 90% every year. Seasonal snowpack plays an important role in defining the hydrologic regime, with winter precipitation and snowmelt runoff contributing about 65% of the annual runoff. The timing of the snowmelt season, indicated by the date of occurrence of the first significant snowmelt event, was correlated with the occurrence of low flow events. Model simulations showed that basin average snow water equivalent reached a peak around mid‐February to mid‐March, although further validation of the model is required at high elevation sites.     

安全仪表系统的应用及发展

探讨安全仪表系统在过程工业中的必要性与重要性,以ISA/S84.01安全仪表系统生命周期为基本框架,介绍安全仪表系统的基本组成和生命周期各阶段的主要工作,阐述安全仪表系统与过程控制系统的异同。研究安全仪表系统设计过程中风险分析与安全完整性水平等的关键技术;总结了目前安全仪表系统所呈现出的新特点、新趋势;指出安全仪表系统未来发展的方向;同时认为安全仪表系统作为一种有效的安全保障措施,应当以风险与危害分析为基础,按照最低合理可行原则,根据对象的不同特点,确定适当的安全完整性水平。该应用研究成果对于安全仪表系统的设计与应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

吴忠市新灌区生态经济类型

本文应用主分量分析法,对吴忠新灌区生态经济类型进行了初步划分与研究。分析结果表明,该区可划分为五个明显不同的生态经济类型区,各区的生态条件、经济、环境均存在较大差异,故此,在制定其发展方向及开发措施时,应区别对待。     

Comparison of Stormwater Lag Times for Low Impact and Traditional Residential Development1

Abstract: This study compared lag time characteristics of low impact residential development with traditional residential development. Also compared were runoff volume, peak discharge, hydrograph kurtosis, runoff coefficient, and runoff threshold. Low impact development (LID) had a significantly greater centroid lag‐to‐peak, centroid lag, lag‐to‐peak, and peak lag‐to‐peak times than traditional development. Traditional development had a significantly greater depth of discharge and runoff coefficient than LID. The peak discharge in runoff from the traditional development was 1,100% greater than from the LID. The runoff threshold of the LID (6.0 mm) was 100% greater than the traditional development (3.0 mm). The hydrograph shape for the LID watershed had a negative value of kurtosis indicating a leptokurtic distribution, while traditional development had a positive value of kurtosis indicating a platykurtic distribution. The lag times of the LID were significantly greater than the traditional watershed for small (<25.4 mm) but not large (≥25.4 mm) storms; short duration (<4 h) but not long duration (≥4 h) storms; and low antecedent moisture condition (AMC; <25.4 mm) storms but not high AMC (≥25.4 mm) storms. This study indicates that LID resulted in lowered peak discharge depth, runoff coefficient, and discharge volume and increased lag times and runoff threshold compared with traditional residential development.     

一次低涡切变型连续性冰雹过程天气分析

对2004年7月13-20日西北地区东部出现的一次低涡切变型区域性冰雹天气过程,从其产生的大气环流背景和前期气候背景进行了讨论,并利用MICAPS提供的方法,对物理量场进行了初步分析,总结了其发生发展的客观规律。结果表明:形成这次连续性降雹的影响系统是500 hPa位于青藏高原东北侧到华北的低涡切变;深厚的不稳定层结和随高度增强的不稳定能量,是此次强对流发生的热力条件;有利的低层辐合与高层辐散的散度场是此次强对流发生的动力因子;随高度增强的上升运动为冰雹的形成提供了水汽条件。     

大型建筑构件在突发性事件中的抗火性能分析

针对地震、恐怖袭击等突发性事件引起的次生火灾对大型建筑的破坏特点,比较了大型建筑与普通建筑在结构抗火性能上的差异;利用轴向非均匀温度应力模型,对大型建筑构件的抗火性能与结构抗火计算进行了分析,疏理归纳出了部分性能特征;提出了一套用于这类火灾特点的构件抗火计算理论方法。     

A soil alteration index based on phospholipid fatty acids

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis has gained great importance in the study of soil microbial community structure. This structure can give indication of the soil status. Purpose of the present paper is to analyse PLFA patterns in altered agricultural soils in order to develop a soil status alteration index. Soils subjected either to intensive agricultural exploitation, or to overflow by municipal and industrial wastes, or to irrigation with saline waters were analysed for PLFA content and compared to adjacent untreated soils by means of different statistical techniques.

Principal component analysis separated PLFAs in three groups: unsaturated PLFAs (first axis, 48% of total variance), monounsaturated and cyclopropane PLFAs (second axis, 28% of total variance) and polyunsaturated PLFAs (third axis, 24% of total variance).

By means of canonical discriminant analysis, a soil alteration index (SAI) was produced from 15 PLFAs using two data sets. A third data set was used to test the SAI general validity together with other data sets reported in literature. The index validity was confirmed in most cases: SAI gave higher scores for control soils and was generally able to classify soils according to their reported degree of alteration.     

采场低压通风控制有害气体涌出量新技术的研究与应用

基于空气动力学观点,将回采工作面与其后相随的采空区分成两大组成部分:一部分称为通风空间,其风流是有组织的,另一部分称为漏风空间,其风流是非组织性的。两空间相互敞开,又紧紧相邻、存在着密切的风流联系。当开采工作面上、下两端存在着风压差,就可以带动相邻的采空区陷落岩石的孔隙与裂隙中的气体流动,构成采空区中、深部区域的漏风源、汇。笔者提出的采场低压通风系统,采用砌隔漏风墙的方法,切断两空间联系。经现场井下多年应用实践研究后表明,其对于开采瓦斯含量大、煤与瓦斯突出严重的复杂煤层的矿井,尤其是对采空区瓦斯及有害气体涌出量大、且无条件进行瓦斯抽放的回采工作面,能有效地抑制和减少采场瓦斯和有害气体涌出量,且措施费用很低,很值得推广应用。