W火焰炉低氮燃烧改造可行性研究

对黔北电厂1～4号W火焰锅炉实际运行状态进行分析,得出NO。排放浓度偏高的主要原因,并提出1—4号机组W火焰炉低氮改造的方案,即在拱下燃烧室内组织大回流长火焰燃烧方式,并通过SOFA风形成炉内深度空气分级低氮燃烧。同时针对1、2号炉和3、4号炉各自特性提出具体的改造方案,保证在锅炉效率不降低的条件下,1～4号W火焰锅炉的NOx排放浓度不高于850mg／m3,从而为W火焰锅炉低氮燃烧改造提供可行性方案,保证W火焰锅炉下一步烟气脱硝的顺利进行。     

硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

Dose and frequency dependent effects of olive mill wastewater treatment on the chemical and microbial properties of soil

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product of olive oil production. While its high organic load and polyphenol concentrations are associated with troublesome environmental effects, its rich mineral and organic matter contents represent valuable nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the valorization of this waste biomass as a potential soil conditioner and fertilizer in agriculture. OMW was assayed at three doses 50, 100, and 200 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) over three successive years in olive fields. The effects of the effluent on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of soil-layers were assessed. The findings revealed that the pH of the soil decreased but electrical conductivity and organic matter, total nitrogen, sodium, and potassium soil contents increased in proportion with OMW concentration and frequency of application. While no variations were observed in phosphorus content, slow increases were recorded in calcium and magnesium soil contents. Compared to their control soil counterparts, aerobic bacteria and fungi increased in proportion with OMW spreading rates. The models expressing the correlation between progress parameters and OMW doses were fitted into a second degree polynomial model. Principal component analysis showed a strong correlation between soil mineral elements and microorganisms. These parameters were not related to phosphorus and pH.     

丹江口库区及其上游流域水质污染特征及评价

根据丹江口库区及其上游河流5个区域42个断面2012-2013年的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析法确定主要污染因子及权重,对不同流域的水质进行综合评价。第一主成分包括总氮、溶解氧、五日生化需氧量、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数,第二主成分为氟化物、粪大肠菌群,第三主成分为化学需氧量;其权重分别为5．022,2．256,1．508。评价结果表明,湖北十堰市和丹江口市流域水环境污染相对较重,其次为河南南阳市、陕西商洛市、陕西安康市以及陕西汉中市流域。     

Alternative soil quality indices for evaluating the effect of intensive cropping, fertilisation and manuring for 31 years in the semi-arid soils of India

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for evaluating the sustainability of alternative soil management practices. Our objective was to develop the most sensitive soil quality index for evaluating fertilizer, farm yard manure (FYM), and crop management practices on a semiarid Inceptisol in India. Soil indicators and crop yield data from a long-term (31 years) fertilizer, manure, and crop rotation (maize, wheat, cowpea, pearl millet) study at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) near New Delhi were used. Plots receiving optimum NPK, super optimum NPK and optimum NPK + FYM had better values for all the parameters analyzed. Biological, chemical, and physical soil quality indicator data were transformed into scores (0 to 1) using both linear and non-linear scoring functions, and combined into soil quality indices using unscreened transformations, regression equation, or principal component analysis (PCA). Long-term application of optimum inorganic fertilizers (NPK) resulted in higher soil quality ratings for all methods, although the highest values were obtained for treatment, which included FYM. Correlations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and the various soil quality indices showed the best relationship (highest r) between yield and a PCA-derived SQI. Differences in SQI values suggest that the control (no NPK, no manure) and N only treatments were degrading, while soils receiving animal manure (FYM) or super optimum NPK fertilizer had the best soil quality, respectively. Lower ratings associated with the N only and NP treatments suggest that one of the most common soil management practices in India may not be sustainable. A framework for soil quality assessment is proposed.     

凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的低温吸附性能研究

首次研究凹凸棒土对饮用水中腐殖酸的低温吸附性能,考察5℃条件下,吸附时间与腐殖酸初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH对凹凸棒土吸附腐殖酸的影响,确定吸附剂的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学等相关理论参数,研究凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附性能与机理。结果表明,江苏盱眙凹凸棒土在温度5℃、pH=4、水中腐殖酸初始浓度为5 mg/L,投加量为15 g/L的条件下,吸附180 min后对腐殖酸的去除率可达97.26%。凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附符合二级吸附动力学方程与Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程由孔隙内扩散过程控制,吸附为自发的吸热过程,包括物理吸附与化学吸附。根据Fre-undlich吸附等温式拟合计算,5℃、pH=7时理论最大吸附量为9 mg/g,说明凹凸棒土对于低温饮用水中腐殖酸具有良好的吸附效果。     

调整工业结构发展三峡低碳经济——以湖北省宜昌市为例

运用熵值法研究了宜昌市工业结构调整与低碳经济之间的关系。研究表明：宜昌市电力、热力生产和供应业的节能减排指数排名首位,属于可再生清洁能源,应大力推进其发展;食品产业的节能减排指数排名较前,属于第二梯队产业,也是朝阳产业,应得到有效支持促进其健康发展;装备制造业的节能减排指数排名大部分位列前10位,属于第三梯队产业,是传统支柱产业和工业中坚力量,在进行低碳技术创新的前提下,应得到有效的支持和发展;宜昌市的高新技术产业和纺织等轻工业的节能减排指数排名也比较靠前,应加大对高新技术产业和轻工业的扶持力度,增强其竞争能力;宜昌市化工业的节能减排指数排名靠后,对其应采用产业调整和技术创新相结合的手段;宜昌市石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,造纸业和金属冶炼业的节能减排指数最低,排名最后,应对其实施调整归并政策,逐步减少其企业数量和规模     

Application of nanobalance technique and principal component analysis for detection of the soil fumigant Telone residues in the air

Quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) technique is considered as a powerful mass sensitive sensor for monitoring of materials in the sub-nanogram level. In the current study, a method based on QCN technique developed to determine Telone in air. Various coating materials including methyl phenyl silicon, 75% phenyl (OV25) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) were employed. The frequency shift of OV25-modified quartz crystal was found to be linear against organohalogen compounds [Telone (soil fumigant), Koril (Herbicide), Endosulfan (organochlorine insecticide) and Chloroform (solvent)] concentrations in the range of 2.4 to 48 mg L^?1 for Telone vapor and 4.8–24 mg L^?1 for three other vapors. The correlation coefficients for Telone, Koril, Endosulfan and Chloroform were 0.992, 0.996, 0.989 and 0.991, respectively. The principal component analysis was also utilized to process the frequency response data of the organic vapors. Using principal component analysis, it was found that more than 93.85% of the data variance could still be explained by use of two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Subsequently, the successful discrimination of Telone and other compounds was quite possible through the principal component analysis of the transient responses of the OV25-modified electrode. In the second method, a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated sensor for Telone was developed. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated quartz crystal (MIP-QCN) showed a selective response to Telone and gave a linear relationship between frequency shift and amount of Telone from 1 to 48 mg L^?1. In this investigation, the proficiency of MIP-QCN and OV25-modified QCN sensors were compared.     

Residues behavior of some fungicides applied on two greenhouse tomato varieties different in shape and weight

The degradation of 12 fungicides (azoxystrobin, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, fenarimol, fludioxonil, iprovalicarb, mepanipyrim, penconazole, pyrimethanil, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol), commonly used in pest management strategies on Sardinian greenhouse tomato crops was studied. A different residue behaviour was observed between the studied cultivar. On the smaller, a “cherry” type tomato, field data showed an initial residue mostly higher than the “beefsteak” tomato. In any case, except for penconazole, all pesticide residues were below their maximum residue levels (MRLs) reaching the pre-harvest interval (PHI). On both cultivar, triadimenol and cymoxanil residues completely disappeared reaching their PHI, while iprovalicarb, fenarimol, and fludioxonil disappeared in a time of 17 to 24 days. On the contrary, azoxystrobin, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, penconazole, tolclofos-methyl, mepanipyrim, and pyrimethanil showed a long persistence on both tested cultivar and may have residual problems due to an accumulation effect if repeated field treatments will be performed. The first group of molecules according to their rapid degradation could be used in low pesticide-input management in order to obtain tomatoes with low or no detectable residues.     

Rapid determination of polar pesticides and plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT

A simple high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multiresidue analysis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of polar pesticides, plant growth regulators and other polar compounds. These included amitrole, chlormequat, mepiquat, cyromazine, ETU, PTU, perchlorate, and daminozide using a mixed-mode column. A 10 g test portion was shaken with acidified methanol for 10 min. After centrifugation, the sample extract was injected and analyzed within 11 min by LC-MS-MS. This column eliminated the need for derivatization or the use of ion paring reagent. Two MS-MS transitions were monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification. Eight isotopically-labeled internal standards corresponding to each analyte were used to correct for matrix suppression effect and/or instrument signal drift. The average recovery for all analytes at 20, 40, and 250 ng/g (n = 6) ranged from 73–136%, with a relative standard deviation of ≤ 20%.