硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

Source Apportionment and Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Cores of Selected Creeks in Delta State,Nigeria

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) seasonal variation and sources in Ubeji, Ifie, and Egbokodo Creeks of the Niger Delta, Nigeria, were predicted using diagnostic ratios (DRs) of parent PAHs (Phe/Phe + Ant; Flu/Flu + Pyr; BaA/BaA + Chry, and Ind/Ind + BghiP) and principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 222 sediment core samples were collected during the wet (August 2010) and the dry seasons (January 2011). The samples were dried and Soxhlet extracted; sample extracts were fractionated and analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) to identify individual PAHs. The diagnostic PAH ratios revealed that PAHs in the sediment cores at the three creeks, in both seasons, mainly stemmed from the combustion process (pyrogenic sources). Principal component analysis further confirmed that wood-burning, coal combustion, diesel, gasoline-powered vehicular emissions, and petroleum combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs sources at the sampling location. This study provided information on the origin and sources of PAHs in sediment cores, which may be useful for regulatory actions, environmental quality management, contamination history, and environmental forensic studies.     

反渗透与低温多效法海水淡化工艺在电站应用中的比较

海水淡化是淡水资源紧缺的沿海电厂向海洋获取新鲜淡水的主要方式,目前主要有反渗透膜法和低温多效热法等技术路线。对上述两种技术从工艺、技术经济性等方面进行综合比较,分析各自的优势及存在的不足。最后根据舟山地域特点及地区海水淡化规划,推荐适合舟山电厂的海水淡化技术。     

乌鲁木齐市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

在乌鲁木齐市南、北设置2个采样点,从2011年3-12月采集可吸入颗粒物(PM2.5、PM2.5-10)样品,分析了美国环境保护署优控的13种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,采用比值法、主成分分析法和多元线性回归法对乌鲁木齐市大气PM2.5、PM2.5-10中PAHs的来源进行了分析。结果表明,科学院站PM2.5中13种PAHs的总质量浓度平均值为247.2ng/m3,变动范围为1.14~2 113.33ng/m3;新大站PAHs的总质量浓度平均值为240.84ng/m3,变动范围为4.96~1 359.41ng/m3。而科学院站PM2.5-10中13种PAHs的总质量浓度平均值为57.78ng/m3,变动范围为1.18~519.87ng/m3;新大站的总质量浓度平均值为49.18ng/m3,变动范围为1.38~412.52ng/m3。比值法分析结果表明,所采集样品的2/3来自煤和生物质的燃烧排放;主成分分析法和多元线性回归分析法结果表明,采暖期汽油和煤源对PM2.5中总PAHs的贡献率为46%,而非采暖期混合源的贡献率高达85%。采暖期汽油和柴油源对PM2.5-10中总PAHs的贡献率为66%,而非采暖期混合源的贡献率为78%。     

家居环境PM_(2.5)控制用空气滤料

针对目前家居环境净化PM2.5的要求,在现有空气过滤材料的基础上,探讨一种适合于家居环境移动式空气净化装置用低阻、高效和长寿命的过滤材料。采用实验研究的方法对常用玻纤滤纸以及驻极体空气过滤材料进行了过滤特性、电镜、孔径测试的对比实验研究。结果表明,当过滤风速为5 cm/s时,3种驻极体滤料对粒径≤4.5μm的颗粒物的分级过滤效率要高于玻纤滤纸且都在90%以上,其过滤阻力在4.9~6.4 Pa之间,而高效滤纸的过滤阻力在57.8~78.6 Pa之间;在实验风速条件下,驻极体滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率和过滤阻力分别高于和低于高效玻纤滤纸;对驻极体滤料进行蒸馏水洗涤后,其对颗粒物的过滤效率下降,驻极体滤料静电效应具有不稳定特性;电镜测试发现,玻纤滤纸纤维层排布致密,纤维存在断裂现象,而驻极体滤料较为蓬松,无纤维断裂现象;孔径实验表明,驻极体滤料的平均孔径为玻纤滤纸的11.9~14.7倍,驻极体滤料具有良好的透气和容尘特性。     

Dose and frequency dependent effects of olive mill wastewater treatment on the chemical and microbial properties of soil

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product of olive oil production. While its high organic load and polyphenol concentrations are associated with troublesome environmental effects, its rich mineral and organic matter contents represent valuable nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the valorization of this waste biomass as a potential soil conditioner and fertilizer in agriculture. OMW was assayed at three doses 50, 100, and 200 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) over three successive years in olive fields. The effects of the effluent on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of soil-layers were assessed. The findings revealed that the pH of the soil decreased but electrical conductivity and organic matter, total nitrogen, sodium, and potassium soil contents increased in proportion with OMW concentration and frequency of application. While no variations were observed in phosphorus content, slow increases were recorded in calcium and magnesium soil contents. Compared to their control soil counterparts, aerobic bacteria and fungi increased in proportion with OMW spreading rates. The models expressing the correlation between progress parameters and OMW doses were fitted into a second degree polynomial model. Principal component analysis showed a strong correlation between soil mineral elements and microorganisms. These parameters were not related to phosphorus and pH.     

城市河流各水期水质变化分析

选取宁波市区20个监测断面作为研究对象,选择溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、铜、锌、挥发酚、石油类作为评价指标,利用主成分分析法分别对其枯水期、平水期、丰水期进行综合水质评价。根据计算结果提取了3个主成分因子(有机物因子、氨氮和重金属因子、挥发酚因子),累计方差贡献率达到84.02%,基本保留了选取指标的有效信息。结果发现,各监测断面污染状况均显示为枯水期>平水期>丰水期,枯水期、平水期、丰水期断面达标率分别为20%、50%、80%,主要超标水域为鄞州河网、中大河、鄞江下游,评价结果与实际情况相符合。     

固定源低浓度颗粒物监测技术现状与思考

简述了固定源颗粒物监测技术的国内外现状,建议从规范现有方法和研发新方法入手,对低浓度颗粒物监测方法加以研究和改进。     

北京昌平某地冬季大气PM2.5元素污染特征分析

以北京昌平区某地大气PM_(2.5)和重金属污染状况为研究对象,应用射线法与XRF技术相结合的分析技术,对PM_(2.5)浓度和其重金属组分浓度进行同步监测,以重金属元素为污染物示踪因子进行污染特征分析。结果表明,监测期间该区域PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度达92μg/m~3,Ca、Fe、K元素含量较高。通过主成分分析该区域PM_(2.5)元素影响因素主要为工业和生活燃料燃烧、冶金工业废气、扬尘3类,贡献比分别为52.42%、26.82%、13.10%。     

化工园区污水特征分析及生物毒性研究

对天津市某化工园区9个主要污染企业及总排放口的废水进行监测分析,测定了12项水质常规指标和8项重金属指标,采用主成分分析法和生物毒性测试对化工区废水的水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,水质指标中大部分常规项目(如COD、氨氮和重金属含量)在多数企业污水中都符合排放标准,总氮、总磷污染较重,其中磷的污染最严重,最高超标23.83倍;影响污水性质的第一主成分为氯化物、电导率、全盐量和Cr,第二主成分为溶解氧、悬浮物、氨氮、总氮、总磷和As;废水具有一定的生物毒性,且不同化工企业之间毒性差异较大。水质化学测定的结果和生物毒性程度有一定相关性,但也存在差异,应该结合两者综合评价水质污染特征。