2019年郑州冬、春季重污染期间PM2.5污染特征分析

为研究郑州冬、春季重度污染期间细颗粒物的组分特征、污染来源、气象影响因素及外来传输影响,基于本地超级站污染监测数据及相关气象要素监测数据对重污染时段进行分析,并对本地污染成因进行探讨.结果表明,2019年1—3月郑州共有426 h达到重度及以上污染水平,首要污染物均为PM_2.5.重污染时段碳组分（OC+EC）共占PM_2.5的14.6%,OC与EC存在显著相关性,1、2、3月的r值分别为0.72、0.89和0.91,且二者比值多介于2~4之间,表明机动车和燃煤排放是碳组分的主要来源;水溶性离子浓度排序为NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺,SNA（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺）浓度达123.37 μg·m^-3,占PM_2.5的61.2%,且NO₃^-占比达30.2%, NO₃^-/SO₄^2-值为1.98,说明移动源对水溶性组分的贡献大于固定源. PMF受体解析结果按污染源贡献量大小依次为：机动车源（34.9%）、二次源（24.6%）、燃煤源（20.2%）、扬尘源（9.2%）、生物质及烟花爆竹源（8.2%）和工业源（2.9%）,机动车和燃煤燃烧是造成大气重污染的主要排放源.气象分析表明,与清洁时段相比,重污染期间大气整体处于有利于颗粒物二次生成和不利于污染扩散的条件下,整体温度偏低（3.2 ℃）,相对湿度较高（67%）,风速较弱（1.3 m·s^-1）.除本地污染物的累积外,来自偏东和偏南方向的短距离传输及东北方向中长距离输送（分别占外界传输的36.4%、22.6%和22.0%）也是造成郑州重污染天气的重要原因.     

混凝——低压膜联用工艺处理生活饮用水的研究进展

由于水源水质日趋恶化，使得常规的水处理工艺无法满足人类对饮用水水质的要求，膜技术分离效率高，出水水质稳定。介绍和分析了混凝一低压膜联用工艺的特点和技术关键问题，并指出了今后着重研究的重点。     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

低压等离子喷涂制备ZrB2-TiC复合涂层 及其烧蚀性能研究

目的探索低压等离子喷涂制备ZrB_2-TiC复合涂层工艺及其烧蚀性能。方法采用喷雾造粒技术制备适用于低压等离子喷涂的ZrB_2-TiC球形粉体,再采用低压等离子喷涂技术在高强石墨基体表面制备ZrB_2-TiC复合涂层。利用氧-乙炔火焰考核涂层的抗烧蚀性能,采用红外测温仪测试烧蚀过程中涂层的表面温度,分别采用扫描电镜、EDS及XRD分析涂层的表截面形貌、元素及物相。结果 ZrB_2-TiC复合涂层呈等离子喷涂层状结构特征,内部孔隙率达到10.8%,涂层与高强石墨之间的结合强度约5.4 MPa。喷涂后涂层产生了ZrTiB4、ZrTiC2新相。涂层经过2000℃氧乙炔烧蚀5min后,保持完整,未出现裂纹及剥落,烧蚀深度仅为2～5μm。结论采用低压等离子喷涂可在石墨表面制备性能优良的ZrB_2-TiC复合涂层,涂层可有效抵御氧乙炔火焰的烧蚀。     

好氧-低氧生物滤池对低碳氮比污水脱氮研究

针对我国大多数城市污水低碳氮比的水质特点,提出以好氧-低氧淹没式生物滤池对其进行深度脱氮处理.试验过程中,保持好氧段DO为3.5～4.3 mg/L、低氧段DO为0.9～1.1 mg/L,通过调节2段进水分流比、水力停留时间（HRT）、进水碳氮比（C/N）实现深度脱氮效果.进行了3个阶段的试验研究：首先,以低C/N城市污...     

起落架落震试验环境温度模拟技术研究

目的验证某型飞机从万米高空俯冲降落直至着陆滑跑过程中,在经历了环境温度从-55℃到常温快速剧烈变化后起落架性能的改变。方法依据起落架落震试验要求,进行起落架高低温环境模拟技术研究。结果综合考虑试验技术指标、试验件结构尺寸和试验场地限制,成功研制了专用的起落架高低温环境模拟设备。结论为研究起落架缓冲器内敏感参数与温度的变化规律和起落架结构性能提供了验证手段。     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水生物同池净化

为实现低温(5~6℃)高铁锰氨氮[TFe 9.0~12.0 mg·L~(-1)、Fe(Ⅱ)6.5~8.0 mg·L~(-1),Mn(Ⅱ)1.9~2.1 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 1.4~1.7 mg·L~(-1)]地下水生物同池净化,以中试模拟滤柱在某水厂进行了实验研究.结果表明,出水总铁在启动之初即能合格,出水氨氮和锰分别在72 d和75 d实现净化.工艺启动周期受培养温度和原水水质影响较大.滤速越大,锰的极限去除量越低,滤速≥1.0 m·h~(-1)时,锰的极限去除量为3.0 mg·L~(-1).锰是滤速提升的限制因素,工艺极限滤速是4.5m·h~(-1).滤速≤6.0 m·h~(-1)时,氨氮的极限去除量为1.5 mg·L~(-1),且不受滤速影响,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)不足导致工艺对更高浓度氨氮净化失败.DO充足的条件下,工艺净化所需滤层厚度随锰和氨氮浓度增加而增厚.滤速增大会导致铁锰氨氧化去除区间向滤层深处位移,发生"锰"溶出现象.进一步分析表明,铁和氨氮在滤层内可同步氧化去除;锰的高效氧化去除区间与铁和氨氮的高效氧化去除区间存在明显分级.     

A LOW COST DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL FARMERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1

ABSTRACT: In areas where water is scarce, drip irrigation provides the most efficient way to conserve irrigation water, but its cost of £1000 an acre is prohibitive for most small farmers in developing countries. The cost was reduced by 90 percent by (1) making dripper lines moveable, so that each line reaches ten rows instead of one; (2) replacing 25-cent emitters with simple 0.70 mm holes punched by a heated needle; and (3) using £3.00 off-the-shelf 20 liter containers with cloth filters in place of expensive filter systems. This reduced the cost of a half-acre system to £50. The low cost system was field tested in the hill areas of Nepal, and in mulberry cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India. Uniformity of flow from emitters was 73–84 percent. Small farmers reported that the low cost trickle irrigation system cut labor requirements in half, and doubled the area irrigated by the same amount of water. The low cost drip system is likely to be widely adopted by small farmers in semi-arid and hilly regions.     

电化学氧化法处理高盐低COD污水研究

文章针对高盐、低COD难降解污水进行电化学氧化法降解有机污染物的研究和试验,介绍了电化学氧化法降解COD、氨氮的原理,探讨了试验对COD、氨氮、聚合物的去除情况,分析了装置的经济性能及试验去除污染物的影响因素。     

球团竖炉电除尘器电气控制技术的应用

着重介绍在球团竖炉电除尘器电气控制中的PLC应用,以及利用矩阵控制原理对PLC输出接口的扩展,详细介绍高、低压电气控制系统主要实现的功能和特点。