克山病病区低硒粮喂养的豚鼠红细胞内Na+浓度变化的研究

豚鼠分别喂以克山病病区粮（低硒）和非病区粮（硒含量正常）,借助合成的D_Y（PPP）₂^-7位移试剂用XL-400NMR谱仪直接测试完整红细胞内Na⁺的NMR谱,并定量计算细胞内Na⁺浓度,发现低硒的病区粮饲养的豚鼠红细胞内Na⁺浓度显著高于正常组;病区粮喂养的豚鼠红细胞在老化条件下细胞溶血比非病区严重。     

混凝—低压膜联用工艺处理生活饮用水的研究进展

由于水源水质日趋恶化,使得常规的水处理工艺无法满足人类对饮用水水质的要求,膜技术分离效率高,出水水质稳定。介绍和分析了混凝—低压膜联用工艺的特点和技术关键问题,并指出了今后着重研究的重点。     

从化学加工工艺谈磷矿物的分类及其意义

作者认为磷矿物是以固溶体形式出现的一组含氟磷酸钙盐,多种矿物盐的组合常以其最为稳定的形式,即能量最低的状态存在。因此,作者对磷矿物的分类不是从矿物类型而是以能量方程式所具有的特征系数进行分类。根据矿物类型建立P_2O_5枸溶率、晶胞参数a_0轴的模拟方程。分类结果:自然界的磷矿物共分高氟磷灰石、富氟磷灰石、低碳氟磷灰石,氟磷灰石和低氟磷灰石五类。由于磷矿物中的氟含量直接影响了磷矿物的各种性质,而磷矿煅烧(包括脱氟磷肥生产)过程实质上是模拟磷矿在自然界的变质过程,使P_2O_5枸溶率和化学反应性下降。因而可根据本文分类对磷矿物的应用进行直接评价。     

不同温度低溶解氧条件下活性污泥法处理污水的效果研究

采用传统推流式连续流工艺处理校园生活污水,考察了常温和低温时DO对污泥膨胀的影响。试验结果显示:常温23°C将DO从正常的2 mg/L以上降低至0.5 mg/L,引发了污泥沉降性的恶化,SVI值从150 mL/g升高到175 mL/g左右,这时出水非常清澈,并且在一个月的运行中,系统稳定保持低氧丝状菌微膨胀;低温15°C时,降低DO引发了严重的污泥膨胀,SVI值达到350 mL/g以上;为控制污泥膨胀,升温至23~25°C,但维持DO在0.5~1 mg/L,SVI值下降到200 mL/g,系统再一次达到稳定的低氧丝状菌微膨胀,这期间COD去除率不受影响,保持在80%以上。可见,不要求脱氮的污水处理厂在春夏秋季,可以考虑在低DO条件下运行,不仅不会发生过大的污泥膨胀,还可以大量节约供氧能耗。     

厌氧处理原理及其在低浓度有机废水处理中的应用现状

介绍了厌氧处理原理,并对厌氧处理低浓度废水的最新进展进行了较全面的综述,高效厌氧反应器及组合工艺为这一发展提供了可能.高效厌氧反应器中以膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器为首选,其结构及运行特性决定了它在处理低浓度废水方面具有潜在的优势,但中国EGBB的应用仅处于研究阶段,尚未有生产规模的EGSB;组合工艺对低浓度废水中污染物去除率极高,出水中COD、NH3-N、TP和SS浓度均可达到较高的排放标准,对生活污水、稀释后的工业有机废水等低浓度有机废水处理具有广阔的前景.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

吸附净化低浓度苯类废气的实验研究

探讨了用活性及耐附低浓度苯类废气时，空塔气速和气流在吸附的接触时间对吸附过程的影响，研究了活笥在已经吸附若干质量的苯类物质以后的吸附性能。据此绘制了空塔气速一吸附效率和活性炭含苯率一吸附效率等关系曲线。研究表明，使用活性炭可以有效地净化低浓度苯类废气。     

Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.     

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and non-ortho substituted biphenyls in polar bear milk from Svalbard (Norway)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and non-ortho substituted biphenyls (PCB, CB) were determined in 6 polar bear milk samples from Svalbard (Norway). For these compounds, no data for polar bears have been reported before from this region. Most of the PCDD/PCDF congeners were found at detectable levels. Concentrations expressed as 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (Nordic model) were in the order of 1–3 pg/g⁻¹ fat (0.2–1.6 pg ml⁻¹ milk) which is comparable with ringed and harp seal blubber from the same region. On whole milk basis, concentrations were similar to those found in human milk. An estimation of the daily uptake via milk showed that the intake is lower for polar bears compared to humans. As in human milk, relatively high levels of OCDD were found in some polar bear milk samples. The PCDD/PCDF congener pattern in the milk was different to that found in polar bear fat from the Canadian Arctic. Non-ortho substituted PCB levels in polar bear milk were similar to those found in polar bear fat from the Canadian North. However, CB 77 or 169 dominated in the milk while CB 126 was the most abundant congener in fat. PCDD/PCDF levels expressed as 2,3,7,8-TE were highly correlated with the fat content of the milk. No correlation between CB and PCDD/PCDF concentrations was found. Some data indicate that PCDD/PCDF concentrations in polar bear milk decrease with increasing time after delivery.