2017年最大降水对再生水受水河道径流组成的影响

再生水受水河道水文条件作为河流水生环境及生化反应重要控制因子,会受到丰水季降水汇入的影响.以潮白河典型受水河道——顺义段为例,通过丰水期前（2017-06-11）、降水中（2017-07-06）、降水后（2017-07-08、2017-07-09）河水中氢氧同位素特征和氯离子浓度的变化,识别地表径流组成对2017年最大日降水量（重现期3.3a）的响应,揭示河流汇水过程径流组成的时空差异及原因.结果表明,在降水初期,降水中氢氧同位素主要受雨量效应影响,后期微小变幅主要受水汽来源差异影响,整个河段接受降水的同位素值相近.降水后3 d内坡地汇流尚未停止,在各断面占比各异;坡地汇流占比沿程增加（2%~85.6%）,再生水占比沿程减少（90%~67%）,再生水通过优先通道到达下游断面.降水后3 d内SY01~SY05断面水量由坡地汇流、再生水、原位水组成,有明显的河网汇水过程,SY06~SY07断面水量由坡地汇流及原位水组成.     

基于2D-COS分析的难凝聚有机物臭氧化特性研究

基于二维相关光谱分析,对污水厂二级出水难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性进行了研究.结果表明,混凝很难去除污水厂二级出水中的溶解性有机物,污水厂二级出水溶解性有机物大部分属于难凝聚有机物,以腐殖酸类物质为主.臭氧氧化可以降低二级出水混凝后上清液的色度及UV₂₅₄,去除率分别可达到70%和40%以上,但是对难凝聚有机物的去除率较低,去除率在10%以下,只是与难凝聚有机物进行了反应,改变其性质.同时,臭氧可以降低二级出水中难凝聚有机物的荧光强度,其中腐殖酸类物质的荧光强度降低较为明显.基于不同臭氧投加量下难凝聚有机物的同步荧光分析,可以得到二级出水难凝聚有机物的二维相关光谱,结果表明,腐殖酸类物质对臭氧氧化最为敏感,腐殖酸类物质与富里酸类物质相比会优先和臭氧反应.     

山西大学城PM2.5中元素特征、来源及健康风险评估

为研究山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的污染特征及来源,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer,ED-XRF）对研究区域2017年PM_2.5样品中21种元素进行分析,并对Mn、Zn、Cu、Sb、Pb、Cr、Co和Ni等重金属进行健康风险评估,同时采用主成分分析方法（principal component analysis,PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（positive matrix factorization,PMF）定量解析元素的主要来源.结果表明,2017年山西大学城PM_2.5中21种元素中Ca质量浓度最高,其次是Si、Fe、Al、S、K和Cl,这7种元素占元素总质量浓度的95.71%.其中,Cr元素浓度超过我国环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值的104倍.春季、夏季和冬季PM_2.5中Ca质量浓度最高,而秋季S元素质量浓度最高.对3类人群具有非致癌风险的元素均为Mn,且风险大小依次为儿童 > 成年男性 > 成年女性;具有可容忍致癌风险的元素为Cr和Co,且风险大小为成年男性 > 成年女性 > 儿童.山西大学城PM_2.5中元素的主要来源包括：天然矿物粉尘和城市扬尘、燃煤和交通源.     

透气性及低温处理对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

用3种封口材料和4种低温处理及2种处理相结合，研究了透气性及低温处理时间对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响．结果表明，大球盖菇菌丝生长需要良好的透气性，同一培养料和最佳湿度情况下，采用具有良好透气性的封口物，能显著地加快大球盖菇菌丝生长速度，在25℃恒温培养条件下，用双层报纸或纤维棉封口的菌丝生长速度分别是双层聚丙烯薄膜封口菌丝生长速度的1．59倍和1．55倍；低温处理显著降低大球盖菇菌丝生长速度；透气性和低温处理因素相比较，透气性对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响更明显．表3参5     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.     

Multivariate analysis of spatial patterns: a unified approach to local and global structures

We propose a new approach to the multivariate analysis of data sets with known sampling site spatial positions. A between-sites neighbouring relationship must be derived from site positions and this relationship is introduced into the multivariate analyses through neighbouring weights (number of neighbours at each site) and through the matrix of the neighbouring graph. Eigenvector analysis methods (e.g. principal component analysis, correspondence analysis) can then be used to detect total, local and global structures. The introduction of the D-centring (centring with respect to the neighbouring weights) allows us to write a total variance decomposition into local and global components, and to propose a unified view of several methods. After a brief review of the matrix approach to this problem, we present the results obtained on both simulated and real data sets, showing how spatial structure can be detected and analysed. Freely available computer programs to perform computations and graphical displays are proposed.     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。     

广州市空气污染物和气象要素的主成分与典型相关分析

用主成分和典型相关分析方法分析广州市近4a(2001—2004年)的空气污染物与气象要素之间的关系,按夏半年、冬半年和全年3个时间尺度分别进行。结果表明:污染物数据所得到的主成分分别代表机动车污染源(汽油燃烧和扬尘)和工业污染源(工业燃煤和燃油),气象数据的主成分分析表明空气的温度、湿度及对流速度对空气污染作用明显,而污染物和气象要素的主成分分析表明气温高低和空气干湿程度对大气污染的影响较大。污染物与气象要素两组数据之间的典型相关分析表明污染物与气象要素之间存在显著的相关关系,其中温度和风速对气态污染物有显著影响。     

大麦秆控藻研究进展

大量实验研究证明：大麦秆是一种很具前景的抑藻物。它能有效控制引起水体富营养化的各种藻类生长，优化水生生物的组成结构。例如水体中放入大麦秆可以增加无脊椎动物以及鱼类的数量，从而达到改善水生生态系统的目的。大麦秆的抑藻机理非常复杂，研究已经排除了营养物质以及大麦秆上遗留杀虫剂对藻的抑制作用。现在除了传统所认为物理和生物机理外，最为认可是化学机理，即大麦秆在有氧降解过程中能产生的诸如酚类、酯类、蒽醌类活性物质，它们能够很好的抑制藻类生长，但是确切的有效化学物质的提取还需要通过GC/MS等方法进一步研究。在小型水体，尤其是鱼类养殖水体中可以直接施用大麦秆以改善水体。总之大麦秆是一种环境友好、生态安全、经济适用的有效控藻物质，应用前景广阔。