南黄海鳀鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鳀鱼产卵期在鳀鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料,利用Brey's(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194.3 ind.m-2,平均生物量以去灰干重计,为4.08 g m-2,平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.09 g m-2a-1.研究表明,生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.32a-1.对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论,证明生产力随水深的加大而降低,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表1参25     

Macrobenthic Monitoring in the Lower St. Johns River, Florida

The macrobenthos in the oligohaline 132 km reach of the Lower St. Johns River, Florida, is an unusual blend of freshwater and marine organisms within the annelid, mollusk, aquatic insect, and crustacean groups. During 1993–1994, the community composition was freshwater-oriented in the 47 km (seg I) and estuarine-dominated in the lower 85 km (seg II). Of the total 146 taxa collected, 89% were euryecious 'eutrophic' and 'pollution-tolerant' organisms. Densities ranged between 5000 and 20 000 individuals/m² ann av and maximum densities (85 000 individuals/m²) occurred in the muck substrate at the confluence of major tributaries and embayments. Throughout the lake-like seg II, benthic hypoxia existed during much of summer through fall. Biotic index values for grab, artificial substrate, and sled trawl samples reflected greatest stresses to the macrobenthos then. Both low taxonomic diversity and densities of organisms at the most downriver stations nearest the port of Jacksonville indicated that toxic substances also adversely affected the macrobenthos. Maintenance of the narrow band of littoral submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and adjacent shoreline riparian vegetation is important to sustain macrobenthic communities and other kinds of aquatic life in the river.     

我国底栖动物重金属积累量的初步研究

根据国内外文献报道,对我国主要水体中大型底栖动物(双壳类、螺类、蟹类和虾类)体内重金属Cd、Cr、Pb和Cu的含量水平进行系统地总结和分析。结果表明,双壳类、螺类、蟹类和虾类体内Cr的几何均值分别为1.03、0.96、2.03和0.35 mg/kg;Cd的Box-Cox均值大小为1.11、0.68、0.13、0.12 mg/kg;Pb的Box-Cox均值分别为0.31、0.43、1.29和0.35 mg/kg;Cu的Box-Cox均值分别为7.87、19.70、70.60和10.10 mg/kg。参照中国无公害食品水产品有毒有害物质限量(NY 5073-2006),甲壳类动物Pb超标严重,超标率为43.50%,其次是Cd(22.51%)、C(r19.12%),Cu的超标率最小,为16.50%;软体动物中Cd的超标率高达34.41%,其次是C(r22.19%)、Pb(18.21%),Cu的超标率最小,为16.02%。结合我国居民的平均水产品消费量计算得到Cd、Cr、Pb和Cu的摄入量低于其允许摄入量,其对人体的健康风险还需要进一步深入研究。     

Stabilised Coal Ash Studies in Italy

The ENEL Ash Research Centre - (Brindisi, Italy) - has started a research programme on the use of coal ash derived from its thermoelectric power plants as a component of blocks for artificial habitats. After preliminary laboratory tests, systematic physical, chemical, and biological tests were carried out in an experimental installation constructed in the area of the Torrevaldaliga power plant (80 km NW of Rome).

Two reef models - each made by assembling pyramids of 225 20 × 20 × 20 cm blocks - were submerged in two tanks (10 × 2 × 1.5 m) with running sea water (water flow: 3-5 cm s-1). the ash blocks were composed of fly ash (52.1%), bottom ash (26.1%), hydrated lime (5.2%) and water 16.6%, while concrete blocks were made of pozzolanic cement, sand and gravel. After two years, ash based blocks showed no weathering, volume variation or swelling; marked compressive strength and sonic velocity increases have, on the contrary, been recorded. No significant leaching of chemical elements of environmental concern was found. the biotic settlement on the ash blocks proved greater in quantity and better in quality than that on the concrete blocks; on ash blocks 62 species were found, compared to 54 on concrete. Ash-based materials seem to be more suitable for the settlement of the macrobenthos.     

Daphne: a new multimetric benthic index for the quality assessment of marine coastal environment in the Northern Adriatic Sea

A new benthic index, named Daphne, is proposed for the Northern Adriatic coastal area, near the Po river delta. It is based on six characteristics of the community that do not require in-depth taxonomic expertise: number of mollusc species, % of bivalves, % of polychaetes, abundance of the opportunistic species Corbula gibba, % of amphipods and number of ‘typical mollusc species’ that are individuated by multivariate analysis. The application of the index in selected stations along a gradient of decreasing disturbance shows that it is simple to use in regular monitoring campaigns and that the results are consistent with environmental quality data in the special conditions of this area subjected to considerable river runoff. The index can be used in addition and as a complement to more widespread indices (such as M-AMBI); a comparison of the two indices performance is discussed.     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定近岸底栖生物中15种磺胺类抗生素残留量

采用液-液萃取和固相萃取方法处理生物样品,建立以ESI(+)和SRM为基础的快速检测15种磺胺的HPLC-MS/MS方法,并采用该方法对大连周边海域底栖生物中磺胺的残留状况进行了分析. 结果表明:近岸底栖生物中磺胺噻唑(STZ)、磺胺喹啉(SQX)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺甲基异唑(SMZ)等检出率较高,质量分数为1.39～143.29 ng/g.说明在我国近岸底栖生物中已经有一定量的磺胺类抗生素的残留,并威胁到水生生物的安全,因此应加强对近岸海洋环境中抗生素残留的监测与管理.      

南黄海大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在南黄海24个大面站进行的大型底栖生物定量采集样品资料,利用Brey’s(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度在2000年秋季为154.2个/m2,与2001年春季的147.8个/m2相当,平均生物量以去灰干重计,秋季为6.92g/m2,远高于春季的2.81g/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.98gm-2a-1.与生物量的分别格局相似,次级生产力在所调查海域的西南和东南部有两个高生产力分布区域,而该二区域正好在黄海冷水团的两侧,由此验证大型底栖生物的生物量和次级生产力受海水温度的影响较大.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.10a-1.与渤海研究结果比较,证明了底栖生物群落生产力随水深增大而下降,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表2参31     

渤海湾近岸海域春季大型底栖动物群落特征

2008年4月下旬在渤海湾近岸海域进行了21个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物99种,其中包括多毛类24科45种,软体动物15科19种,棘皮动物3科3种,甲壳动物18科25种,其他类群7种. 调查区内大型底栖动物的优势现象不明显,优势度指数大于1%的物种仅有7种,分别为黄海埃刺梳鳞虫、深钩毛虫、不倒翁虫、豆形胡桃蛤、长尾虫、绒毛细足蟹和纽虫. 调查区内大型底栖动物的总栖息密度平均值为228.81 m-2,总生物量平均值为36.03 　g/m2,其中多毛类的平均栖息密度为71.43 m-2,生物量为2.95 　g/m2;软体动物的平均栖息密度为76.19 m-2,生物量为8.28 　g/m2;棘皮动物的平均栖息密度为6.90 m-2,生物量为16.69 　g/m2;甲壳动物的平均栖息密度为53.10 m-2,生物量为4.53 　g/m2. 调查区内大型底栖动物的香农-威纳多样性指数为0～4.18,平均值为2.99;丰富度指数为0～2.97,平均值为1.71;均匀度指数为0.51～1.00,平均值为0.84. 与1959年全国海洋综合调查的渤海底栖生物调查结果比较表明,近半个世纪以来渤海湾近岸海域大型底栖动物的平均生物量显著升高,群落结构有所改变.      

南黄海鯷鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鯷鱼产卵期在鯷鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料，利用Brey’s(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算，结果表明，该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194．3ind．m^-2，平均生物量以去灰干重计，为4．08gm^-2，平均次级生产力以去灰干重计，为4．09gm^-2a^-1，研究表明，生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响，平均P／B值在研究海域为1．32a^-1，对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论，证明生产力随水深的加大而降低，P／日值随水漏升高而升高，图2表1参25     

Spatial scales and probability based sampling in determining levels of benthic community degradation in the Chesapeake Bay

The extent of degradation of benthic communities of the Chesapeake Bay was determined by applying a previously developed benthic index of biotic integrity at three spatial scales. Allocation of sampling was probability-based allowing areal estimates of degradation with known confidence intervals. The three spatial scales were: (1) the tidal Chesapeake Bay; (2) the Elizabeth River watershed; and (3) two small tidal creeks within the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River that are part of a sediment contaminant remediation effort. The areas covered varied from 10^–1 to 10⁴ km² and all were sampled in 1999. The Chesapeake Bay was divided into ten strata, the Elizabeth River into five strata and each of the two tidal creeks was a single stratum. The determination of the number and size of strata was based upon consideration of both managerially useful units for restoration and limitations of funding. Within each stratum 25 random locations were sampled for benthic community condition. In 1999 the percent of the benthos with poor benthic community condition for the entire Chesapeake Bay was 47% and varied from 20% at the mouth of the Bay to 72% in the Potomac River. The estimated area of benthos with poor benthic community condition for the Elizabeth River was 64% and varied from 52–92%. Both small tidal creeks had estimates of 76% of poor benthic community condition. These kinds of estimates allow environmental managers to better direct restoration efforts and evaluate progress towards restoration. Patterns of benthic community condition at smaller spatial scales may not be correctly inferred from larger spatial scales. Comparisons of patterns in benthic community condition across spatial scales, and between combinations of strata, must be cautiously interpreted.