Oviposition by butterflies on young leaves: Investigation of leaf volatiles

Summary Various butterflies select young foliage on which to lay their eggs; volatiles emitted by young and old leaves have been compared (by sorption enrichment, followed by GC-MS) to gauge possible qualitative and quantitative differences between the two age groups. The plants investigated are cabbage (Brassica oleracea), two milkweeds (Asclepias syriaca andA. curassavica), the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) and the lime (C. aurantiifolia). The chemical compounds identified belong to three classes, isoprenoids, fatty acid derivatives and benzenoids. Quantitative differences were found between young and old leaves, of which a few may be characteristic of young leaves only. Thirty-four single trials withDanaus plexippus exposed to volatiles from young and old leaves are recorded.     

玉米自交系氮效率基因型差异的比较研究

采用溶液培养的方法。选用经田间，土壤试验对N反应有典型差异的玉米自交系478，H21，Wu312,Zong31,Baici，在4个供氮水平下（0.04,0.4,2和4nmol/L)，研究了不同基因型玉米苗期氮素吸收，利用的差异及其原因，结果表明：极低N胁迫条件下（０.04mmol/L),总干重的基因型差异是由根系，地上部的共同作用的结果，高N下，总干重是由地上部的差异所决定的（表1），极低供N条件下，4578的总干重最大，且有较高的氮效率，Wu312,Zong31相对较低，478相对较高的氮效率主要来源于吸收效率的差异。该基因型在低N下总吸氮量最高，H21居中，Baici,Zong31相对较低，478相对较高的氮效率主要来源于吸收效率的差异。该基因型在低N下总吸氮量最高，H21居中，Baici,Zong31,Wu312相对较低（图1），吸收效率的差异主要是由于根系全N量的不同所致（图3），而根系全N量的差异主要是由于根系大小不同（表1），在极低氮水平下，不同基因型玉米根系全氮量的变幅比地上部高出28.1%，高N下（4mmol/L)，全N量的变幅比地上部高出15.4%(图2，图3），在0.04mmol/L下，478与Wu312,Zong31的利用效率不存在显著差异（表2）。     

Induced alkaloid defence inAtropa acuminata in response to mechanical and herbivore leaf damage

Summary Measurement of tropane alkaloid content in leaves ofAtropa acuminata after mechanical damage showed a maximum increase to 153% of the control 8 days later. There were no changes in the root or stem after similar damage. The plant responded to repeated mechanical damage by doubling its alkaloid content at 11 days after the initial wounding. But on further treatments, there was a slight decrease in alkaloid content with time. Mollusc feeding produced an increase of 164% in alkaloid content after 4 days. These results indicate that induced defence systems in angiosperms can vary considerably from plant species to plant species and that the effects of mechanical damage may differ in different parts of the same plant.     

Uptake and metabolism of [<Superscript>14</Superscript>C]rinderine and [<Superscript>14</Superscript>C]retronecine in leaf-beetles of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Platyphora</Emphasis> and alkaloid accumulation in the exocrine defensive secretions

Summary. Sequestration and processing of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by leaf beetles of the genus Platyphora were investigated. Tracer experiments with labeled alkaloids were performed with P. eucosma feeding on Koanophyllon panamense (Asteraceae, tribe Eupatorieae). P. eucosma catalyzes the same reactions previously demonstrated for P. boucardi specialized to Prestonia portobellensis (Apocynaceae): (i) epimerization of rinderine to intermedine; (ii) esterification of retronecine yielding insect-specific PAs; (iii) efficient transport of the PAs as free bases into the defensive secretions. P. bella feeding on Tournefortia cuspidata (Boraginaceae) shows the same sequestration behavior and ability to synthesize the specific retronecine esters. P. ligata, a species phylogenetically closely related to the PA adapted species and clustering in the same clade, but feeding on a host plant devoid of PAs, feeds easily on PA treated host-plant leaves, but does not sequester or metabolize PAs. P. kollari a species clustering outside the PA clade refused to feed on its food-plant leaves painted with PAs. The results are discussed in relation to host-plant selection of the PA adapted species and the role of PAs in chemical defense. Received 20 September 2002; accepted 18 November 2002.     

抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸的玉米种子蛋白突变体

通过离体选择抗赖氨酸加苏氨酸玉米突变体，不仅获得了积累游离苏氨酸和赖氨酸等氨基酸的突变类型，也选择到了种子蛋白组份发生改变的高蛋氨酸突变体和高赖氨酸体细胞无性系变异体。高蛋氨酸种子中总蛋氨酸的含量比对照增高２２．６％，这是由于醇溶蛋白Ｚｅｉｎ－２部分及其蛋氨酸含量增高所致。高赖氨酸变异体种子游离必需氨基酸增高显著（２－１０倍），总赖氨酸比对照亲本增高２８．１％，含量约占种子干重的０．４０％，种子蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白组份含量增高而醇溶蛋白减少。高赖氨酸和高蛋氨酸特性遗传稳定，植株育性正常。     

Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of Morinda morindoides leaf extract

This study investigated antioxidant status of animals given aqueous extract of Morinda morindoides leaves using the levels of reduced glutathione, total-thiol, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as malondialdehyde concentrations as indices, and its in vitro antioxidant capacity. Thirty rats divided into five groups were used. Group A served as control and were administered distilled water while groups B, C, D, and E were given 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg per kilogram body weight of water-extracted constituents of M. morindoides for 28 days. Total phenolic compounds amounted to 83.6 ± 5.9 mg g^?1 gallic acid equivalent, while total flavonoid content was 9.5 ± 0.9 mg g^?1 pyrocathecol equivalent. Malondialdehyde in plasma was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 21% in groups B and C to 84% in groups D and E. Vitamins C and E were significantly increased, in group E by 91% and 17% compared with control. Total thiols and glutathione in plasma were significantly increased, with group E having 2.5-fold and 4.2-fold higher values than control.     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

Mitigation of glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings by ascorbic acid

Abstract

The toxicity of glyphosate at 3.6?mg L^?1 to maize seedlings raised from un-treated seeds and the effectiveness of seed pretreatment by soaking in 0.25?mmol L^?1 ascorbic acid (AsA) solution for mitigation of toxicity were evaluated in hydroponic culture. Glyphosate dramatically reduced the growth of roots and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves but increased protein content in the leaves. Superoxide dismutase activity and AsA concentration in the roots were increased, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity was unaffected. Pretreatment with AsA improved the dry mass of the roots and shoots, increased the protein content in roots and leaves, and significantly decreased the activity of GPOX in roots. The positive effect of AsA treatment was not associated with more efficient functioning of the antioxidative system.     

开花后小麦地上部镉、砷分布及其转运特征

为了探明小麦开花后叶片和茎节对籽粒中镉(Cd)和砷(As)累积的影响效应,采用田间小区试验,研究了山农28(SN28)和济麦22(JM22)两个小麦品种地上部各器官Cd和As的分布规律和迁移特征.结果表明,在灌浆期,小麦地上部的Cd主要分布在节中,Cd由节间3到节2、节间2到节1和叶鞘1到节1的转运能力显著强于其他部位.在成熟期,Cd主要分布于叶片中,Cd由叶鞘到叶片和由节1到穗轴的转运能力显著增强.此外,JM22中颖壳到穗轴和穗轴到籽粒的Cd转运能力显著低于SN28,使JM22的穗轴、颖壳和籽粒中Cd含量与SN28相比分别显著降低了22.3%、 40.8%和44.4%.同时,从灌浆期到成熟期小麦地上部的As主要分布于叶片中,且JM22颖壳和籽粒中As含量显著低于SN28,降幅分别为25.8%和33.3%.在灌浆期和成熟期,小麦中As转运系数由叶鞘到节显著高于叶到叶鞘和节到节间,平均增幅为438%和190%.此外,JM22中As由颖壳到籽粒和穗轴到籽粒的转运系数分别比SN28显著降低40.6%和44.4%.总之,开花后小麦旗叶、节1和穗轴调控了Cd转运及其在籽粒的累积,而小麦的叶3、旗...     

不同微生物菌肥对滨海盐渍土土壤质量及玉米产量的影响

微生物菌肥改良盐渍土具有高效环保的特点,施用功能性微生物菌肥对滨海地区盐渍障碍绿色消减和土壤质量提升有重要意义. 试验基于河北省滨海地区中度盐渍土,以玉米为指示作物,在常规化肥施用基础上设置施加推荐用量的不同微生物菌肥T1（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+复合菌剂75 kg·hm^-2）、T2（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+巨大芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T3（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+胶冻芽孢杆菌300 kg·hm^-2）、T4（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+有机硅肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T5（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+生物有机肥600 kg·hm^-2）、T6（常规化肥750 kg·hm^-2+活性微藻15 kg·hm^-2）和仅施化肥750 kg·hm^-2（CK）7个处理,研究玉米两个关键时期（大喇叭口期和成熟期）不同微生物菌肥对土壤养分、盐分、细菌群落和玉米产量与经济效益的影响. 结果表明,相较CK,T1显著提高了全生育期土壤全氮（TN）和有效磷（AP）含量;成熟期土壤有机质（OM）含量较大喇叭口期平均增加10.35%,但各处理间无显著性差异;相较于CK,T5和T6显著降低了全生育期土壤全盐量和Ca²⁺含量,平均降低14.51%~18.48%和24.25%~25.51%. T1显著提高全生育期细菌多样性指数,较CK提高了45.16%;土壤优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门,优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属和Geminicoccaceae. 研究区细菌群落最丰富的功能是化能异养和需氧化能异养,平均相对丰度为28.89%和27.11%,T3和T6显著提高土壤氮循环功能. 冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC是驱动细菌群落结构的重要因素,相关性热图显示Na⁺、SO₄^2-、pH和EC主要与浮霉菌门呈显著正相关,土壤OM和TN与蓝细菌显著正相关. 相较CK,T6在生育期内增加了蓝细菌的相对丰度,优化了细菌群落结构. 使用推荐用量的菌肥T1和T6分别提高了7.31%~24.83%的玉米产量和9.05%~23.23%的经济效益;土壤化学性质与产量相关性分析结果初步揭示了EC、AP、HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺是限制滨海地区土壤生产力的障碍因子. 综上,推荐用量下使用复合菌剂（T1）和活性微藻（T6）可显著提升土壤养分、降低盐分和改善土壤细菌群落结构多样性,既保证了玉米增产增效,又实现了微生物菌肥高效利用和土壤质量提升.