氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的调试运行

以安徽某县污水处理厂的改良氧化沟工艺调试为例,采用自然培菌和间歇培养相接合的方式进行调试,结果表明方法可行。在进水COD100mg/L时,MLSS在1500mg/L时,出水COD、NH4-N均可取得较好的处理效果。同时对调试过程中的各环节如人员培训、带负荷试车、污泥培养等进行了详细阐述,并确定了各工艺段的控制参数。     

基于沼液的培养基及产油小球藻藻种选育

将产油小球藻培养与沼液污水处理结合,为小球藻生长提供营养和水源,同时实现了沼液污水的无害化处理.本研究利用4种产油小球藻,在沼液污水与绿藻培养基体积比为1∶9、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1形成的培养基中培养,以产油率为指标,选育出获得最高产油率时的沼液污水-绿藻培养基配比和小球藻藻种.结果表明,产油率最高的培养基体积比为1∶3,小球藻藻种为BJ05,该工况下产油率达到9.20 mg·(L·d)-1,高于纯绿藻培养基中的8.66 mg·(L·d)-1.在1/4污水比例培养基基础上,考查添加绿藻培养基中不同营养组分对BJ05产油率的影响,结果发现,在同时不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的情况下,BJ05的产油率为9.36 mg·(L·d)-1,COD、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)、NH+4-N去除率分别达到59%、75%、61%、100%.而其他营养成分缺失则显著降低了BJ05的生物量,进而降低了产油率,所以进一步优化培养基为绿藻培养基中不添加碳酸钠和柠檬酸的体积比为1∶3的沼液污水-绿藻培养基.     

湿地基质及阴极面积对人工湿地型微生物燃料电池去除偶氮染料同步产电的影响

本研究采用人工湿地型微生物燃料电池处理偶氮染料X-3B,实现降解偶氮染料同步产电的效果.为了构建性能最优的人工湿地型微生物燃料电池(CW-MFC)系统,本研究主要从湿地基质和阴极面积两个方面研究系统构型对去除X-3B同步产电的影响,提高系统性能.研究表明以粒径10 mm、孔隙率30%的小石子作为湿地基质构造的CW-MFC系统微生物生物量最大,去除X-3B效果最好,脱色率高达92.70%,但其产电性能最差.较小的粒径和孔隙率使底层微生物生物量增加,促进X-3B的去除,但随着湿地基质粒径和孔隙率的减小,导致阴阳极营养物质不足,系统传质阻力增加,抑制了系统产电性能.X-3B的去除效果随着阴极面积的增加而提高直到阴极面积为594 cm~2时取得最大脱色率99.41%.当阴极面积继续增加时,CW-MFC系统产电性能上升趋势趋于平缓,X-3B去除效果呈现下降趋势,这是因为阴极反应过快导致更多的阳极电子输送到阴极用于产生电流,与X-3B发生反应的电子减少,阳极成为提高CW-MFC系统性能的限制因素.     

微生物燃料电池处理含S2-/NH4+废水的研究

以除硫硝化微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含S~(2-)/NH_4~+的模拟无机废水,研究了不同进水S~(2-)浓度下MFC的产电性能、污染物去除效果和阳极室硫累积情况.结果表明,除硫硝化MFC可实现同步阳极除硫和阴极硝化,并通过非生物电化学作用和生物电化学作用共同产电.进水S~(2-)浓度为(60.8±2.9)、(131.7±2.4)、(161.7±4.5)和(198.1±3.1)mg·L~(-1)时,最佳阳极碳刷清洗周期分别为3、3、3、4个换水周期,前3个进水浓度下的换水周期可分别缩短为6、8和8 h.MFC阴极硝化完全,不受进水S~(2-)浓度影响,但氧从阴极向阳极的渗漏导致阳极库仑效率较低(40%).适当增加进水S~(2-)浓度可增强MFC的产电性能并提高S~(2-)去除负荷和颗粒硫累积比.除硫硝化MFC适宜的进水S~(2-)浓度为(161.7±4.5)mg·L~(-1),相应的最大功率密度为5.77 W·m~(-3),周期产电量为(141.0±5.2)C,S~(2-)去除负荷为(0.31±0.00)g·L~(-1)·d~(-1),颗粒硫累积比达58%.阳极碳纤维丝上沉积有粒径约100 nm的颗粒硫.阳极悬浮物与沉积物相比,悬浮物中S0含量比例较高,而S6+含量比例较低.     

桉树叶提取液还原石墨烯电极提高微生物燃料电池产电性能的研究

将桉树叶提取液绿色还原氧化石墨烯(G-rGO)电极和微生物还原氧化石墨烯(B-rGO)电极依次作为微生物燃料电池(MFC)阳极,采用红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对所制备的电极进行表征,并采用循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗法(EIS)对比2种电极的电化学性能.结果发现,G-rGO阳极的内阻为243.87Ω,应用于MFC时最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为18.77 W·m~(-3)和760 mV,对照组B-rGO电极的内阻为299.11Ω,将其应用于MFC时最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为13.16 W·m~(-3)和635 mV,对照组未修饰阳极的内阻为375.21Ω,最大功率密度和最大输出电压分别为8.97 W·m~(-3)和480 mV.研究表明,G-rGO电极电阻更小,导电性能更优越.     

安全与企业核心竞争力

企业核心竞争力是支撑企业生存发展的根本动力.核心竞争力的不断提升,是企业长久生存和发展的关键.我国安全事故频发,加入WTO和经济全球化迫使我国必须重视职业安全健康非关税壁垒.从企业核心竞争力、安全与核心竞争力的关系以及造成安全生产现状等方面展开论述,并根据核心竞争力的特征以及市场发展现状得出结论,安全必须加入企业核心竞争力的培育中.     

Prediction of Pb speciation in concentrated and dilute nutrient solutions

Despite the presence of numerous studies in the literature examining the phytotoxicity of Pb, there is a lack of precise quantitative data on limiting concentrations of Pb for plant growth. Using the PhreeqcI chemical equilibrium model, simulations were conducted to examine the speciation of Pb in concentrated and dilute nutrient solutions. Due to the higher P concentration of Hoagland's solution (1000microM), precipitation of chloropyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) was predicted to occur at lower pH values, and at lower Pb concentrations, than for a dilute nutrient solution (2microM P). Although nutrient solutions prepared in the glasshouse were supersaturated (and Pb concentrations were substantially higher than predicted by modeling), they confirmed the importance of the P concentration in influencing the precipitation of Pb. Given the low solubility of Pb-phosphates, nutrient solutions with low P concentrations should be utilized, and plant growth should be related to measured Pb concentrations rather than to the quantity of Pb initially added.     

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3betaHSD2, and CYP11beta2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 10(5) L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11beta2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3betaHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11beta2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. DISCUSSION: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects.     

Information technologies and the sharing of disaster knowledge: the critical role of professional culture

A comparative survey of a diverse sample of 96 US and Italian emergency management agencies shows that the diffusion of new information technologies (IT) has transformed disaster communications. Although these technologies permit access to and the dissemination of massive amounts of disaster information with unprecedented speed and efficiency, barriers rooted in the various professional cultures still hinder the sharing of disaster knowledge. To be effective the available IT must be attuned to the unique settings and professional cultures of the local emergency management communities. Findings show that available technology, context, professional culture and interaction are key factors that affect the knowledge transfer process. Cultural filters appear to influence emergency managers' perceptions of their own professional roles, their vision of the applicability of technology to social issues, and their perspective on the transferability of disaster knowledge. Four cultural approaches to the application of IT to disaster communications are defined: technocentric; geographic,; anthropocentric; and ecocentric.     

玉兰油细胞的发育及其与器官结构发育的关系

利用石蜡切片法及半薄切片法对玉兰茎、叶、花和种子中油细胞的发育进行了研究,结果表明：在所研究的各器官中油细胞以相同的方式发生。油细胞原始细胞因其细胞质染色较深、细胞核大明显及液泡化程度低而易与周围组织细胞分辨,以后,原始细胞逐渐液泡化,最终形成一个中央大液泡,其细胞质及细胞核呈一薄层,当油细胞成熟时,其细胞质和细胞核解体,而大液泡充满整个油细胞腔,成为储油的囊,在一些油细胞中,可观察到怀形构造,但