高锰酸钾及氯化锰对日本青鳉的急、慢性毒性(Toxic Effects of Potassium Permanganate and Manganese Chloride on the Early Life Stage of Japanese Medaka（Oryzias latipes）)

饮用水生产中投加高锰酸钾可能引起高锰酸钾及其副产物二价锰的毒性效应.利用日本青鳉的胚胎-幼鱼发育阶段评价了以高锰酸钾为预氧化剂的饮用水生产工艺安全性.结果表明,高锰酸钾对日本青鳉的LC50-96h为1.48mg·L-1.慢性暴露中,对孵化时间影响的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC30d)为0.1mg·L-1;暴露于0.4mg·L-1的高锰酸钾对30d后日本青鳉的体长、体重、累计死亡率均有显著影响,但对孵化率率无显著影响.氯化锰(Mn2+)对日本青鳉的LC50-96h为550mg·L-1,对体重影响的LOEC30d为3.2mg·L-1.当高锰酸钾的使用浓度在0.5～1.5mg·L-1之间,其在滤后水中的高锰酸钾残余浓度低于检出限,而降解中间体产物Mn2+浓度小于0.5mg·L-1,均低于本文报道的LOECs数值.     

地衣对建筑物的生物破坏作用

大量的证据表明地衣可以诱发和加速矿质基质的物理、化学风化过程,着生于建筑物表面的地衣能对建筑材料导致明显的生物破坏.其中,地衣菌丝在矿质基质中的穿插生长、原植体随环境变化表现出的膨胀收缩、冻融交替等机制对建筑物造成机械破坏.而地衣分泌的草酸等简单有机酸以及大量的高分子有机化合物诱发和促进矿质基质的生物-化学风化过程.受其影响,矿质建材中原生矿物遭受溶解、蚀变,并产生多种次生矿物.最终破坏建筑物的坚固程度、缩短其使用寿命、减低其美学价值.     

土壤矿质胶体对镉的吸附-解吸热力学与动力学研究

通过等温吸附-解吸热力学与动力学实验,研究了土壤胶体对镉的吸持特性.结果表明,吸附等温线拟合以Freundlich方程最优,其次是Langmuir方程.按对镉的吸附量由大到小顺序胶体依次是:紫色土矿质胶体(8 216.34 mg/kg)、黄壤矿质胶体(6 468.11 mg/kg)、紫色土去铁矿质胶体(4 963.13 mg/kg)和黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2 342.83mg/kg).而吸附强度则相反,按解吸率大小胶体依次是:紫色土去铁矿质胶体(8.7%～33.9%)、黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2.2%～25.4%)、紫色土矿质胶体(6.8%～18.9%)和黄壤矿质胶体(0.6%～17.7%).由动力学实验得出:土壤矿质胶体对镉的等温吸附-解吸过程分为开始时的快速反应阶段和随后的慢速反应阶段,吸附和解吸过程中两阶段划分时间点分别为4 h和12 h,动力学过程以双常数方程描述最佳.     

镁离子对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物合成次生铁矿物的影响

通过摇瓶实验,在Mg2+分别为48,4.8mg/L,其他元素组成与9K液体培养基一致的体系中,采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌A. ferrooxidans催化合成次生铁矿物.考察了Mg2+含量对生物合成次生铁矿物体系pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率、次生铁矿物矿相及矿物晶体尺寸的影响.结果表明,经过48h培养,Mg2+浓度为48,4.8mg/L生物成矿体系pH值分别从原来的2.50降低至2.30,2.19,ORP分别从初始259mV增加至269mV,276mV.两体系Fe2+氧化率培养至第48h均达到100%,然而两体系总Fe沉淀率及矿物形态及却不尽相同.Mg2+浓度为48mg/L生物成矿体系,总Fe沉淀率为23.7%,次生矿物紧密粘附于三角瓶底部.而Mg2+浓度为4.8mg/L生物成矿体系,总Fe沉淀率达到32.2%,次生矿物却均匀分散于溶液中.两体系合成次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物共存的混合物,Mg2+含量4.8mg/L体系合成黄铁矾单个晶体长度(~1.60μm)约为Mg2+含量48mg/L体系的1.2倍.     

花状软锰矿的超声合成及其对亚甲基蓝的脱色性能

首次通过操作简便成本低廉的超声方法合成花状软锰矿(MWs).采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能量散布分析仪(EDS)等测试手段对其结构和形貌进行表征.研究了MWs对偶氮染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的脱色性能,考察pH值、反应时间、MWs投加量以及MB初始浓度等影响因子对脱色效果影响.结果表明,MWs对MB具有优良的脱色性能,90min达到近100%的脱色率,无需使用H2O2或者UV灯和超声等其它辅助设备,这明显优于其他催化剂,如Mn3O4/H2O2需3h达到99.7%最大脱色率、ZnS/CdS在光照下需6h最大脱色率仅为73%、硫改性的TiO2光照下需4h才能达到近100%的脱色率.     

HMP和SDS在KMnO4氧化水溶相PCE中的联合效应

利用KMnO₄原位化学氧化法处理污染地下水中的氯代烯烃已被证实有效可行,但是反应中产生的MnO₂沉淀会影响修复效果,延长修复时间. 采用KMnO₄氧化法处理水溶相的PCE(四氯乙烯),研究了添加HMP(六偏磷酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基磺酸钠)对该反应的联合效应. 结果表明,离子强度对MnO₂沉淀的生成影响显著,离子强度越高,MnO₂沉淀生成得越快. 在20℃, ρ(PCE)初始值为20mg/L,n(KMnO₄)∶n(PCE)为15∶1,离子强度为0.1mol/L的条件下,单独添加HMP可减少反应过程中MnO₂沉淀的产生,ρ(HMP)为0.1g/L的条件下,24h内没有产生MnO₂沉淀;单独添加SDS可增加Cl-生成量,在ρ(SDS)为1.0g/L的条件下,Cl-生成量增加了8.2%,但会增大MnO₂沉淀的生成速率;在同时添加HMP〔(ρ(HMP)为0.1g/L)〕和SDS〔(ρ(SDS)为1.0g/L)〕的条件下,Cl-生成量增加了7.5%,并且24h内没有产生MnO₂沉淀,表明二者同时添加既可提高PCE的去除率又可减缓MnO₂沉淀的生成.      

电解锰高浓度氨氮废水回用实验研究

电解锰废水中氨氮浓度高,最高达13 000 mg/L,现有处理技术存在诸多弊端。从清洁生产的角度提出电解锰废水除铬净化后回用处理电解锰高浓度氨氮废水的方法并进行实验研究。研究结果表明:10 mL/L电解锰除铬废水回用至生产工艺化合工段,电解液净化试剂H2O2、SDD消耗量和电流效率较无回用时无明显变化;电解过程中,无电解锰发黑、返溶等异常现象出现;电解产品符合YB/T 051—2003 DJMnD标准,纯度达99.9%。     

电解锰渣库失稳概率分析

以流固耦合的极限平衡法为基础,运用了泰勒级数法,对一铺膜防渗锰渣库在不同堆积高度的可靠度和失稳概率进行了计算分析,并参照美国陆军工程兵团对于岩土边坡的失稳概率评价标准,对锰渣库在运行过程中的边坡失稳风险进行了评估。分析表明:铺膜防渗的电解锰渣坝,当沿用常规不防渗尾矿坝设计时,边坡失稳概率过高,应通过增加导渗体数量、降低边坡坡度、放缓渣库上升速度等设计优化措施,降低锰渣库边坡失稳风险;对于影响渣库边坡稳定的重要参数,如抗剪强度、渗透系数、界面抗剪强度等,有必要通过高质量的取样和审慎的试验获得可靠的试验数据,以降低参数的不确定性,进而增加预期安全水平。     

Effects of manganese waste on growth,nodulation, proline levels,and enzymatic activities in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

Phytoremediation studies were carried out on the waste of Kalakhunta manganese (Mn) mines located in Banswara, Rajasthan, which is rich in Mn and iron. Various treatments, including the addition of soil, farmyard manure, sawdust, and biogas slurry, as well as differing quantities of NPK and capping with 10% soil were undertaken to ameliorate the effects of inhospitable waste. The effect of unamended and variously treated amended waste was studied on the growth, nodulation, yield, leaf area, and enzymatic activity of the test plants to ascertain the degree of toxicosis that plants may encounter during the process of phytostabilization. The levels of proline and activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and nitrate reductase were affected by the treatments applied. Data showed that addition of 10% soil + 3 NPK is the most suitable treatment for the purpose of revegetation of Mn-mine waste, as the plants displayed the highest growth under this treatment condition.     

Manganese toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: extension of the life span by resveratrol

The effect of resveratrol was studied on the life span and motor activity of Drosophila melanogaster treated with manganese (Mn). Two days after emerging from the pupa, male wild type D. melanogaster were fed for 13 days with corn media containing 15?mM Mn. Thereafter, Drosophila were divided into six groups of 300 flies each: (1) the flies remained treated with Mn; (2) began treatment with 0.43?mM resveratrol (Mn-resveratrol group); (3) received no additional treatment (Mn-no treatment group); (4) simultaneously fed with Mn and resveratrol (Mn?+?resveratrol group). In addition, a control (5) with no treatment and another group (6) fed only with resveratrol after emerging from the pupa were included. All Mn-treated flies (group 1) were dead on the 25th day. The life span in the resveratrol group was 91?±?0.33 days (mean?±?S.E.M.) and in Mn-resveratrol flies was 83?±?2 days. These two values were significantly higher than those detected in the control (5) and Mn-no treatment (group 3) flies whose life span were 68?±?0.33 and 67?±?2.31 days, respectively. The Mn?+?resveratrol-fed flies had a markedly higher life span (31?±?1.53 days) than Mn-fed flies (23?±?0.88 days). In the flies that received Mn (Mn and Mn?+?resveratrol groups), the motor activity decreased significantly with respect to control (groups 5) and the Mn–resveratrol and resveratrol groups. In conclusion, resveratrol increased significantly the life span of Mn-treated D. melanogaster.