人工湿地系统处理污水新模式的探讨

本文简述了污水处理方法的概况，全面论述了人工湿地系统这一处理污水新模式的发展、工艺、基本原理。提出了设计的一般过程，结合实例说明了该系统投资省、运行费用低以及良好效果。通过总结该系统的一般特征，展示了该系统在处理污水方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

Comparative Toxicities of Polar and Non-Polar Organic Fractions From Sediments Affected By the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Standardized tests were applied to aromatic and polar fractions of sediment extracts to determine whether polar constituents or oxidative degradation products contributed significantly to the toxicity of sediments oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill. Intertidal sediment and pore-water samples were collected in September 1990 from two heavily oiled sites and an unoiled site in Prince William Sound (PWS). Methylene chloride extracts from these samples were fractionated by liquid chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions, and the aromatic and polar fractions were tested for toxicity using the Microtox^R test, bivalve larval mortality and development (Mytilus); several measures of genotoxicity in Mytilus, including SOS Chromotest^R, anaphase aberrations and sister chromatid exchange; and survival, anaphase aberrations and teratogenicity in coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). Microtox^R and SOS Chromotest^R protocols were applied in a screening mode to all samples, whereas other tests were applied only to selected fractions from two sites. Samples from Bay of Isles (oiled) were consistently more toxic (usually only 2 to 5-fold) than the Mooselips Bay (unoiled) samples, which gave very low responses in all tests. for both sites, however, responses to polar and aromatic fractions were about the same in most tests, suggesting that while the overall toxicity of the oil was low in these samples, at least part of that toxicity was derived from polar constituents. Compared to the parent hydrocarbons, polar oxidation products partition preferentially into pore-water and are more rapidly diluted and dispersed in the water column. These results suggest that polar oxidation products of petroleum hydrocarbons pose little risk to marine organisms, except possibly for infauna continuously exposed to pore-water in heavily oiled sediments. Independent surveys showed that sediment toxicity in PWS declined during 1989-1991 to near background levels, in accord with previous understanding of oil weathering and toxicity.     

浅论垃圾处理工艺及场址选择

重点论述了垃圾处理工艺选择填埋场场址的重要性,结合云南省垃圾处理的实际状况,总结了垃圾处理项目在前期工作中存在的主要问题,并提出了垃圾处理工艺及选择场址的一些建议.     

絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铁(PZFSiC)的研制和性能

在高模数水玻璃溶液中加入酸制备出聚硅酸,再引入适量的金属离子M(Zn、Fe),研制出一种新型的无毒无机复合高分子絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铁(PZFSiC).探讨了M与SiO2不同浓度比和不同pH值对PZFSiC的絮凝效果的影响,通过正交实验找出了最佳的制备工艺条件.在此基础上,进一步对两种不同的水样进行了絮凝实验,确定出水处理中最佳絮凝工艺条件.结果表明,PZFSiC具有较好的贮存稳定性,在使用PZFSiC时,适应的pH范围广.在实验过程中形成大而致密的絮体,沉降迅速,浑浊度去除率超过98%,COD去除率达93%.处理后的废水,出水水质好,水样澄清透明.在与同类絮凝剂对比实验中,效果优于PZSiC和PFSiC.     

曲霉菌降解机械润滑油的研究

分离出能高效降解机油的真菌并研究其使用方法.从机械润滑油污染的土中分离出2株真菌,GXUA和GXUB.形态鉴定为曲霉属(Aspergillus)菌.rDNA的ITS序列同源性分析表明,GXUA与A.tubingens,GXUB与A.fumigatus菌株SRRC 43完全同源.根据均匀设计的油-矿质液中的摇床发酵结果,混合菌体对机油的降解效率高于单菌株,最佳发酵条件为25 g菌丝体/L矿质液,pH=5.0,26 ℃.在此条件下,于10 g机油/L矿质液中摇床发酵9 d,其降解效率为95.90%.液-质色谱分析表明,混合菌能降解机油中700～900 Dt的大分子.用两菌株的孢子和其他两种生物材料试制了实验室级的颗粒(直径1 cm)生物制剂.在实验室级水平上,按500粒/m2水面和150粒/kg土用量分别处理具有约2 mm厚油膜的水(自来水和海水)和50 g机油/kg土的土壤,处理后的水和土壤中残余油量符合国家有关环境污染控制标准,添加油酸钠和H2O2能够显著提高降解效率.     

浅谈油库安全巡检管理系统的发展

介绍了油库安全巡检管理系统发展的5个阶段,指出了未来的发展趋势,着重论述了目前广泛应用的智能巡检管理系统.     

加热炉炉管穿孔事故处理及原因分析

以一起直接式原油加热炉炉管穿孔事故为例,介绍了事故处理程序,分析了炉管穿孔的原因是由于漏点腐蚀、坑点腐蚀以及炉管管卡损坏导致的,并提出了类似事故防范对策.     

润滑油基础油在储运过程中可能产生的危害和对策

分析了润滑油基础油在储运过程中,油品质量可能产生的不良变化和对周围环境造成的危害.针对这些危害提出了解决的对策.     

Al13形态在混凝中的作用机制

从铝的水解形态转化角度考察了铝盐在高碱度和高有机物浓度水体中的混凝行为.结果表明,铝盐的混凝效能是与混凝过程中的Al₁₃含量成正比.高投药量时氯化铝(AlCl₃)既可以有效调节水体pH值又能在混凝过程中原位水解产生较多的Al₁₃形态,因而混凝效能要高于聚合氯化铝(PACl).在铝盐混凝中,调节pH值到6～7之间可以控制铝形态分布从而达到提高混凝效能和减少残留铝的目的.在调节pH值强化混凝的方法中使用传统铝盐的效果要好于无机高分子絮凝剂.     

海洋油气资源开发技术发展战略研究

开辟深水油气勘探开发领域、实现边际油田的高效和经济开发是提高油气后续发展能力。保障油气资源安全的重要途径之一。我国在深水油气勘探开发技术方面基础较薄弱．在“十一五”期间尚不具备开发深水油气的条件。因此“十一五”期间需针对我圈海域特点选择部分关键技术进行重点攻关。实现我国海洋油气开发由近海向深水的技术转移。为实现全海域资源开发提供高技术支撑。本文以海洋油气资源开发技术为对象．从海洋油气资源及其勘探开发状况、国内外技术发展现状和趋势、图象及社会经济需求筹方面进行内外部环境条件分析．提出了我国海洋油气资源技术领域所面临的挑战以及与国际水平的差距。并对制约我国该技术领域和相关油气产业发展的瓶颈技术、国外垄断技术进行了分析．最终提出我国海洋资源开发技术发展的战略目标和战略模式。