Secondary organic carbon quantification and source apportionment of PM10 in Kaifeng, China

During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM₁₀ from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM₁₀ were estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon (EC) were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of “OC/EC minimum ratio” was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 μg/m³, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM₁₀. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM₁₀ were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

水泥行业SO2和NOX排放总量核算方法选取

就水泥企业SO₂和NO_X排放总量核算方法的选取问题,以3家不同类型水泥企业为例,以监测数据法核算结果为依据,对排污系数法和物料衡算法的核算结果进行统计学描述和差异性检验。结果表明:排污系数法能基本反映各类企业SO₂、NO_X实际排放状况;物料衡算法不适合各类企业NO_χ的总量核算;对含熟料生产线的水泥企业,物料衡算法核算得出的SO₂排放量偏小,实际工作中不建议采用;对粉磨站水泥企业,物料衡算法与排污系数法均能反映实际SO₂排放情况,建议以"取大值"原则选取。     

紫外分光光度法咪唑啉残余质量浓度分析

利用紫外分光光度法建立了咪唑啉缓蚀剂残余浓度曲线。通过分析蒸馏水以及某气田的两种水溶液得知,缓蚀剂质量浓度在0～100 mg/L范围内,吸光度与质量浓度成正比且线性关系较好,可以使用紫外分光光度法对油气田咪唑啉缓蚀剂残余质量浓度进行日常快速检测。     

空气质量自动监测站房空调节能技术设计与实现

空气质量自动监测仪的正常使用温度为5℃~30℃,在中国北方地区使用要特别注意寒冷季节的防冻及酷热季节降温通风问题。为确保自动监测仪器的长期正常运转,发挥仪器的作用,在监测站房内冬季都配备取暖设施、夏季配备大功率空调。本研究充分利用自然环境资源,采用了引排风节能系统与空调联动控制技术,将室外的冷空气引入监测站房内给监测设备强制降温,排出室内热空气。有效地解决了冬季监测站房内温度过高的问题,减少了设备的故障率,使空调不必全年不停运行,每天可降低空调使用时间达10小时以上,节省了大量的电能。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法测定黑臭河流中二甲基三硫醚

该研究在优化分析条件的基础上,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用方法测定了黑臭河流水体中二甲基三硫醚的含量。通过研究萃取头涂层、萃取温度、萃取时间、水样体积和气相色谱进样口温度对二甲基三硫醚萃取效率的影响,得到了二甲基三硫醚最佳预处理和检测条件为:采用CAR-PDMS(75μm)萃取头,取20 mL待测水样在45℃恒温搅拌下顶空萃取30 min,进样口温度为250℃。采用优化后的方法对实际城市黑臭河流水样进行了检测,测得的二甲基三硫醚的浓度范围为5 853～8 939 ng/L。     

施工现场扬尘排放特征分析

为了研究施工扬尘排放特征,在施工现场进行颗粒物质量浓度、数浓度、粒径分布和气象参数的现场监测,分析施工现场颗粒物排放特征。结果显示,施工现场颗粒物浓度高于背景值,测试期间PM10浓度变化较大,并且出现短时间的浓度高值,工地内扬尘既受气象条件的影响又与工地现场的操作活动有关。从粒径方面看,施工现场粒径较大的颗粒物数量比例大于背景环境中的比例。施工现场PM10浓度与风速、温度和湿度呈正相关,工地内车辆运输和施工活动均为重要扬尘源。     

Environmental impacts of irrigated sugarcane production: Nitrogen lost through runoff and leaching

There is concern about environmental impacts of cropping in catchments of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, especially losses of nitrogen (N) from cropping systems. Sugarcane production in the Burdekin region in the dry tropics stands out from other crops/regions because it is grown with the highest applications of irrigation water and N fertiliser rates of any sugarcane producing region in Australia, attributes which may enhance losses of N. Little is known about N losses from sugarcane production systems, especially irrigated systems. We measured parts of the water and N balance over three sugarcane crops at three contrasting sites in different parts of the Burdekin region, covering a range of soil types/textures and irrigation managements. The experimental data were used to parameterise the APSIM-Sugarcane cropping systems model, and the model then used to ‘infill’ missing data and develop more complete water and N balances for each of the crops at the three sites. The model was also used to simulate long-term yields and N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone at the sites under a range of N fertiliser and irrigation management practices. Unlike the experience in other cropping systems, N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone were not higher at our sites than measured in rainfed sugarcane production systems. The long-term simulations showed there were clear opportunities for reducing N losses while maintaining yields through reducing N fertiliser application rates. Simulations results suggested that long-term N surpluses of 50 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, considerably less than those during the experiment or common in the study region, were sufficient to maintain yields but reduce N losses by 50-57%. So, N fertiliser management should aim to keep surpluses to that level. Improved irrigation management could also help reduce N losses but generally to a much lesser extent than reduced N fertiliser applications. Research is required to confirm these predicted benefits, and investigate potential interaction between N fertiliser and irrigation management practices, and impacts of other management practices.     

造纸废水二级生化出水的电离辐射深度处理

探讨了采用电离辐射对造纸废水二级生化出水进行深度处理的可行性.结果表明,二级生化出水主要由相对分子质量为1000～3000和3000以上的有机物组成,它们对COD的贡献分别为69.5%和6.9%,它们对溶解性有机质（DOC）的贡献分别为40.6%和31.6%.电离辐射促使废水中的一些大分子有机物向小分子有机物转化,相对...     

2008奥运和后奥运时段北京大气颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度比对研究

为探索奥运和后奥运时段北京地区大气颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度变化规律及其主要影响因素,于2008-08-08～2008-10-07期间,在中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象观测塔附近的办公楼楼顶使用微量振荡天平（TEOM）和空气动力学粒谱仪（APS）在线实时测量颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度,同时结合地面气象资料和HYSPLIT轨迹模式对颗粒物的来源和传输过程进行了探讨. 结果表明,奥运期间北京大气颗粒物粗细粒子质量浓度（PM_2.5～10和PM_2.5）平均值分别为（23.1±1.6） μg·m^-3和（55.5±7.3）μg·m^-3,比非奥运时期分别降低18.2%和16.0%,比非源控制时期分别降低22.3%和18.0%;而奥运期间粗细粒子数浓度（PN_2.5～10和PN_0.5～2.5）平均值分别为（15±1）个·cm^-3和（3138±567）个·cm^-3,比非奥运时期分别降低23.4%和27.5%,比非源控制时期分别降低29.5%和34.3%. 观测期间风速、相对湿度和前1 d的降水与颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度存在显著线性关系,逐步回归分析结果显示,风速和相对湿度可以解释细粒子质量浓度和数浓度变化的42%和53%,而风速和前1 d的降雨则可以解释粗粒子质量浓度和数浓度变化的21%和39%;观测期间北京大气颗粒物主要受保定、石家庄等偏南地区输送的影响,偏南弱气流使北京大气细粒子质量浓度和数浓度迅速增加,而偏北强气流使区域大气粗细粒子得到彻底清除,体现了北京地区大气粗粒子受局地排放控制而细粒子受区域污染输送的特征. 对比观测期间颗粒物累积清除的2次典型过程发现,气象因素影响颗粒物浓度值波动,而局地源排放减少和区域输送减弱则使颗粒物粗细粒子浓度显著降低,北京及周边省（市、区）协同减排是保障奥运期间优质空气质量的主要原因.