北京市秋季大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布特征的观测研究

为了研究不同天气形势和气象要素对不同粒径段的大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布的影响,2010年秋季在北京市采用空气动力学粒径仪对0.5 ～20 μm的大气颗粒物进行了为期2个月的连续观测.结果表明,在不同天气形势和气团运动下,质量浓度谱分布差异明显.受到西北气流影响,在质量浓度较小的清洁天气,谱分布主要集中在粗粒径段(清洁天气).当天气以静稳为主,颗粒物质量浓度值中等偏高时,粗细粒径气溶胶分布中出现谱值相近的高峰(中等浑浊天气).在受到西南气流主要影响的高质量浓度的观测日中,细粒径气溶胶在谱分布中占主要地位(高浑浊天气).在相同气团影响的天气下,昼夜间质量浓度谱分布的谱型变化趋势一致.清洁天气保持了粗粒径段的单峰分布,中等浑浊和高浑浊天气呈双峰分布.清洁天气细粒径段谱值受光化学反应影响在日间略高于夜间.中等浑浊天气中质量浓度的谱值在夜间受相对湿度和温度变化影响有显著增加.高浑浊天气下,昼夜温湿差别小,谱分布未出现明显变化.     

Quantification, morphology and source of humic acid, kerogen and black carbon in offshore marine sediments from Xiamen Gulf, China

Three types of macromolecular organic matters (MOMs), i.e. humic acid (HA), kerogen+black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC) were extracted from marine sediments of Xiamen Gulf, southeast of China. The chemical composition, morphological property and source of the three extractions were characterized by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KB was the predominant fraction in MOMs, which accounted for 61.79%-89.15% of the total organic content (TOC), while HA consisted less than 5%. The relative high contents of kerogen and BC, and low contents of HA in the samples indicated that anthropogenic input might be the major source of organic matter in marine sediments near the industrial regions. The characterization of SEM, not only revealed morphological properties of the three fractions, but also allowed a better understanding of the source of MOMs. The δ 13 C values of the three fractions suggested that materials from terrestrial C 3 plants were predominant. Furthermore, the anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of sewage, coal and biomass combustion from industry nearby and agricultural practices within drainage basin of the Jiulong River, were remarkably contributed to the variations in δ 13 C values of MOMs in the offshore marine sediments.     

木家具关键挥发性有机化合物散发传质特性

木家具中挥发性有机化合物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)的散发是一个污染环境的复杂传质过程.为把握污染物散发全周期特性,首先建立了一套描述散发行为的显性完全解析模型,适用于模拟对人体最不利的无换气情况.然后基于对模型的分析开发了一种简便快捷的实验方法,能够利用木家具在密闭舱中散发的逐时浓度求取目标VOCs的3个重要传质参数:可散发浓度C0、扩散系数D和分配系数K.实验部分测算了从10个厂家依多种原材料定制的5类20件常见家具,参考出现频率、健康影响、可散发量确定了19类关键污染物,发现总体C0、D、K服从正态分布.此外,结合常见散发参数范围下的数值实验和参数回归分析,提出一组反映散发机理、预测类比不同时空尺度下散发数据的准则关联式,并分析得出空气交换率和承载率对散发影响较大、空气流速对散发影响较小.     

东北地区粮食生产及其可持续性因子分析

通过对东北地区耕地面积、粮食单产及总产的时间序列分析，揭示了该地区粮食生产发展趋势，并结合粮食生产发展的影响因子分析，探该区粮食生产可持续发展的影响因子，指出今后提高粮食生产的途径。     

Effects of territory quality, food availability and sibling competition on the fledging success of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus)

We investigated the fledging probability of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus, chicks as a function of hatching order, brood size, territory quality and food availability. Sibling dominance was related to the hatching order in both low- (’leapfrogs’) and high-quality (’residents’) territories. Differences in hatchling mass might have aided the establishment of a dominance hierarchy, since breeders produced small late eggs and hatchlings. These mass differences were most pronounced in leapfrogs, and in large broods in years with lower food availability (’poor’ years). Late hatchlings fledged less often and with lower body masses compared to early hatchlings in all situations. Leapfrogs produced smaller broods and hatched their broods more asynchronously in poor years than leapfrogs breeding in years with more available food (’good’ years) and residents breeding in both poor and good years. Large brood sizes resulted in lower survival of hatchlings in poor years. These results favour the ’brood reduction’ hypothesis. However, contrary to the expectations of this hypothesis, hatching order also affected fledging success in residents. Moreover, large brood size resulted in higher survival of hatchlings in good years, particularly in residents. Thus, although large broods experienced losses due to sibling competition in some years, they nevertheless consistently produced more fledglings per brood in all years, both as leapfrogs and residents. We believe this effect is due to parental quality correlating with initial brood size. Most leapfrogs, at best, fledged one chick successfully each year, losing chicks due to starvation. Nevertheless, leapfrog broods were reduced in size after hatching significantly less quickly than resident broods. These results suggest that breeders lay and hatch insurance eggs to compensate for unpredictable losses due to the high predation rates on both nests (ca 50%) and chicks (ca 90%), in accordance with the ’nest failure’ hypothesis. Received: 14 February 2000 / Revised: 27 September 2000 / Accepted: 10 June 2000     

汉江上游小流域土地利用及水土流失初探

汉江流域丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的水源地，其周边及上游流域生态环境对于保证库区生态安全具有重要意义。利用汉江上游流域的数字高程模型进行子流域划分，分析了汉江上游及子流域的土地利用／土地覆盖特征，并结合利用土壤侵蚀强度分级标准和数字高程图（DEM），对流域的水土流失进行初步估算。研究结果表明，除丹江口库区周边及汉中盆地的森林灌丛覆盖率相对较低之外，其它亚流域的森林覆盖率都在50％以上。上游中部地区的水土流失现象较为严重，尤其是大巴山的北坡和秦岭的旬河流域，而汉中盆地与丹江口库区周边的水土流失相对较轻。研究结果可为流域的环境治理及生态恢复提供支撑，对南水北调中线工程水源地保障具有重要意义。     

山东省人力资本空间结构的分形研究

本文试圈将分形理论及方法引入到区域人力资本空间结构的研究之中，首先利用马尔柯夫转移矩阵对山东省人力资本等级结构进行了预测，在这一基础上，计算出了1992年、1997年和2002年山东省人力资本空间结构的分维数。并对2007年的分维数进行了模拟，结果表明这一分维数不断下降。最后总结了山东省人力资本空间结构的特点。     

MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.     

电场对污泥堆肥富里酸结构特征的影响

为了研究电场对污泥堆肥富里酸结构特征及电子转移能力(ETC)的影响,以市政污泥和米糠为原料,设置施加5V的直流电场(T1)和不施加电场(CK)的两个堆肥进行对比实验.通过三维荧光-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)、紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结合二维相关光谱(2DCOS)分析堆肥过程中富里酸结构和组成变化.通过电化学方法测定了堆肥富里酸的电子接受能力(EAC)和电子供给能力(EDC).结果表明,类色氨酸、类富里酸和类胡敏酸是堆肥FA的主要组分,随着堆肥的进行,FA中类色氨酸物质减少,类富里酸和类胡敏酸含量增加,电场能够促进FA在堆肥过程中类色氨酸的降解和类胡敏酸的形成,提高了FA的芳香性、分子量和腐殖化程度.电化学分析结果表明,FA的ETC呈现先增后减的趋势.相比CK处理,施加电场降低了FA的EDC,但同时增强了其EAC,使得堆肥后期的FA具有更强的ETC.结果将有助于进一步了解污泥堆肥过程中FA的形成过程及其氧化还原特性.