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961.
磁铁类玩具存在缺陷将威胁到儿童的人身安全,甚至会造成窒息等严重伤害。在磁铁类玩具伤害案例分析的基础上,采用故障树及德尔菲法建立了窒息伤害和磁铁伤害两种伤害模式的风险评估指标体系,并利用G1法进行了指标权重计算。通过对磁铁类玩具伤害风险分析,构造了基于模糊综合评估方法的磁铁类玩具风险评估矩阵,最后通过实证分析,证明该模糊综合评估方法可应用于磁铁类玩具的风险评估。 相似文献
962.
在安全评价过程中,当构建的指标体系过于庞大,数据繁琐,不利于进行安全评价工作。为了对矿井火灾风险评价指标体系进行快速简化,基于粗糙集理论属性约简功能,采用理论与实例分析相结合的方法,利用Skowron差别矩阵算法对矿井火灾风险评价决策表进行属性约简。研究表明:通过约简,矿井火灾风险评价指标由原来的16个缩减为6个,大大减少了后续评价过程中权重确定的计算量,降低了评价的复杂程度,减少了评估工作量。同时约简结果也为矿井火灾防治工作提供了一些指导意见,体现了差别矩阵在决策表的属性约简中的高效性。 相似文献
963.
以模拟有机生活垃圾为底物,通过实验研究了通风和温度协同控制作用下,填埋短期好氧预处理过程垃圾VS、含水率和有机组分的代谢情况.结果表明,好氧预处理过程VS降解主要发生在反应前期(0~6d),占实验全过程降解量的68%~85%;同时垃圾含水量的15%~26%以渗滤液和气体的形式被去除,并且延长通风时间能够增加后者所占比例.反应前期堆体自发升温到高温状态(50~55℃)比控制堆体温度维持在中温状态(42~47℃)更利于碳水化合物的代谢,但对粗蛋白降解的影响不明显.而在中温状态下粗脂肪和木质纤维素的降解率更高.继续延长预处理时间至14d,不同通风和温度的组合对VS和水分总体去除差距不大.控制填埋好氧预处理周期在6d并尽量维持堆体温度在50~55℃,成本-效益较高. 相似文献
964.
The spill of 2,4,‐D in the Rhine river was used to show the evolution from simple to sophisticated models. The first simulation was done with an analytical solution of the dispersion‐advection equation without elimination. Elimination was introduced in a second simulation. The third simulation was carried out with a numerical model. This included elimination and variable dispersion. The lack of data limited the use of very detailed models. 相似文献
965.
Land and resource managers often use detection–nondetection surveys to monitor the populations of species that may be affected by factors such as habitat alteration, climate change, and biological invasions. Relative to mark‐recapture studies, using detection–nondetection surveys is more cost‐effective, and recent advances in statistical analyses allow the incorporation of detection probability, covariates, and multiple seasons. We examined the efficacy of using detection–nondetection data (relative to mark‐recapture data) for monitoring population trends of a territorial species, the California Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis). We estimated and compared the finite annual rates of population change (λt) and the resulting realized population change (Δt) from both occupancy and mark‐recapture data collected over 18 years (1993–2010). We used multiseason, robust‐design occupancy models to estimate that territory occupancy declined during our study (Δt = 0.702, 95% CI 0.552–0.852) due to increasing territory extinction rates ( = 0.019 [SE 0.012]; = 0.134 [SE 0.043]) and decreasing colonization rates ( = 0.323 [SE 0.124]; = 0.242 [SE 0.058]). We used Pradel's temporal‐symmetry model for mark‐recapture data to estimate that the population trajectory closely matched the trends in territory occupancy (Δt = 0.725, 95% CI 0.445–1.004). Individual survival was constant during our study ( = 0.816 [SE 0.020]; = 0.815 [SE 0.019]), whereas recruitment declined slightly ( = 0.195 [SE 0.032]; = 0.160 [SE 0.023]). Thus, we concluded that detection–nondetection data can provide reliable inferences on population trends, especially when funds preclude more intensive mark‐recapture studies. Relación entre Ocupación y Abundancia en una Especie Territorial, el Búho Moteado de California 相似文献
966.
采用厌氧颗粒污泥处理低浓度废水来启动实验规模的沼气提升厌氧反应器,以啤酒废水为例,厌氧反应器在温度(35±1)℃和进水COD浓度在2100~2400mg/L条件下,通过提高进水量方式,来缩短水力停留时间HRT和提高有机负荷OLR.用First-order、Monod and Contois、Grau second-order和Modified Stover–Kincannon动力学模型,考察在不同的HRT和进水浓度Si条件下,出水浓度Se与前两者的关系,确定动力学参数.实验结果表明:First-order和Monod and Contois模型不适用本实验,Grau second-order和Modified Stover–Kincannon模型适用,通过后两个模型公式分别比较实验值Se与计算值Se的差别,Grau second-order模型比Modified Stover–Kincannon模型更接近实验值. 相似文献
967.
Existing studies on the economic impact of wildfire smoke have focused on single fire events or entire seasons without considering the marginal effect of daily fire progression on downwind communities. Neither approach allows for an examination of the impact of even the most basic fire attributes, such as distance and fuel type, on air quality and health outcomes. Improved knowledge of these effects can provide important guidance for efficient wildfire management strategies. This study aims to bridge this gap using detailed information on 24 large-scale wildfires that sent smoke plumes to the Reno/Sparks area of Northern Nevada over a 4-year period. We relate the daily acreage burned by these fires to daily data on air pollutants and local hospital admissions. Using information on medical expenses, we compute the per-acre health cost of wildfires of different attributes. We find that patient counts can be causally linked to fires as far as 200–300 miles from the impact area. As expected, the marginal impact per acre burned generally diminishes with distance and for fires with lighter fuel loads. Our results also highlight the importance of allowing for temporal lags between fire occurrence and pollutant levels. 相似文献
968.
Andrew W. Rate 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(5):371-383
Sorption by humic acids is known to modify the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in soils and aquatic systems. The sorption of cadmium(II) and copper(II) to two soil humic acids was measured at pH 6.0 using ion-selective electrode potentiometric titration at different temperatures. Sorption reactions were studied with all components in aqueous solution, or with the humates in suspension. Adsorption reactions were described using a multiple site-binding model, and a model assuming a continuous log-normal distribution of adsorption constants. Adsorption of Cu2+ was more favourable than adsorption of Cd2+. The log-normal distribution model provided the closest fit to observations and allowed parameterisation of adsorption data using a mean adsorption constant (log K μ). Sorption of Cd2+ to dissolved humic acids increased slightly in extent and sorption affinity with increasing temperature, but the effect was small (log K μ 2.96–3.15). A slightly greater temperature effect occurred for sorption of Cd2+ to solid-phase humic acids (log K μ 1.30–2.08). Sorption of copper(II) to both aqueous- and colloidal-phase humates showed more pronounced temperature dependence, with extent of sorption, and sorption affinity, increasing with increasing temperature (log K μ 3.4–4.9 in solution and 1.4–4.5 in suspension). The weaker adsorption of Cd2+ than Cu2+, and smaller temperature effects for dissolved humates than suspended humates, suggested that the observed temperature effects had a kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, origin. For any metal-to-ligand ratio, free metal ion concentration, and by inference metal bioavailability, decreased with increasing temperature. The consistency of the data with kinetic rather than thermodynamic control of metal bioavailability suggests that equilibrium modelling approaches to estimating bioavailability may be insufficient. 相似文献
969.
M. Díaz-Jaramillo N. Sandoval R. Barra P. Gillet C. Valdovinos 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(4):308-319
Reproductive and population-level responses are ecologically relevant diagnostic tools for revealing the cost of long-term tolerance to contaminants. Spatial density distribution, seasonal density, biomass, size frequency histograms and oocytes stages in Perinereis gualpensis (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from a highly anthropogenically impacted estuary (Lenga, south-central Chile) were compared with low-polluted estuaries (Tubul and Raqui). Spatial distribution showed that the highest P. gualpensis abundances occur in the central (middle) estuarine area, establishing them as suitable zones for comparisons of estuaries. Middle areas also showed differences among estuaries in terms of population and reproductive responses. Mature stage oocytes and juvenile recruitment limited to certain seasons and low adult survival led to significant low densities and biomasses in Lenga individuals (p?.05). Conversely, high densities and biomass, continuous recruitment and mature oocyte occurrence were observed in Tubul–Raqui estuaries. These results reflected population and reproductive differences among high- and low-polluted estuaries, suggesting that chronic pollution status in Lenga estuary is a factor to be considered when evaluating these responses. 相似文献
970.
Jean-Christophe Gaillard Catherine C. Liamzon Jessica D. Villanueva 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(4):257-270
Between 14 November and 4 December 2004, four successive tropical depressions and typhoons lashed the Eastern coast of Luzon in the Philippines. Heavy rainfall triggered massive landslides and devastating flash floods, which brought tremendous damage and killed more than 1600 people. Immediately after the disaster, there was a media and political consensus to incrimate ‘extraordinary’ natural phenomena and widespread deforestation as responsible for the catastrophe. We argue that the tragedy that befell the municipalities of General Nakar, Infanta and Real, among other devastated areas, is enmeshed in a deeper tangle of causal factors that are political, socio-economic and demographic in nature. These factors include unmanaged population growth, difficult access to land and resources, corruption within the government, and power of the elite. 相似文献