Uptake and metabolism of [<Superscript>14</Superscript>C]rinderine and [<Superscript>14</Superscript>C]retronecine in leaf-beetles of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic"> Platyphora</Emphasis> and alkaloid accumulation in the exocrine defensive secretions

Summary. Sequestration and processing of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by leaf beetles of the genus Platyphora were investigated. Tracer experiments with labeled alkaloids were performed with P. eucosma feeding on Koanophyllon panamense (Asteraceae, tribe Eupatorieae). P. eucosma catalyzes the same reactions previously demonstrated for P. boucardi specialized to Prestonia portobellensis (Apocynaceae): (i) epimerization of rinderine to intermedine; (ii) esterification of retronecine yielding insect-specific PAs; (iii) efficient transport of the PAs as free bases into the defensive secretions. P. bella feeding on Tournefortia cuspidata (Boraginaceae) shows the same sequestration behavior and ability to synthesize the specific retronecine esters. P. ligata, a species phylogenetically closely related to the PA adapted species and clustering in the same clade, but feeding on a host plant devoid of PAs, feeds easily on PA treated host-plant leaves, but does not sequester or metabolize PAs. P. kollari a species clustering outside the PA clade refused to feed on its food-plant leaves painted with PAs. The results are discussed in relation to host-plant selection of the PA adapted species and the role of PAs in chemical defense. Received 20 September 2002; accepted 18 November 2002.     

宁南霉素诱导烟草酸性病程相关蛋白的研究

研究了宁南霉素对烟草酸性病程相关蛋白的诱导表达．结果表明，宁南霉素可系统性地诱导烟草叶片中酸性病程相关蛋白的高效表达．与水杨酸相比，宁南霉素诱导酸性病程相关蛋白的表达水平较高，持续时问较长．此外，在同一品种不同形态叶片烟草植株中，宁南霉素对植物酸性病程相关蛋白的诱导存在差异．图6表3参20     

钢板弹簧断裂失效行为研究

目的研究汽车钢板弹簧断裂失效的原因。方法通过化学成分分析、硬度测试、断口形貌分析、金相组织分析等手段研究汽车钢板弹簧的失效行为。结果由于表面脱碳层过深,使得表面疲劳强度及耐蚀性降低,同时因长时间腐蚀作用在表面产生腐蚀坑及腐蚀裂纹,并且在循环外力作用下,腐蚀缺陷处产生应力集中,早期裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀缺陷处并扩展,最终导致腐蚀疲劳断裂。结论通过控制热处理条件、增加加工余量并去除脱碳层、表面喷丸处理等措施,钢板弹簧表面耐蚀及抗疲劳性能大幅提高,可有效避免脱碳引起的腐蚀疲劳断裂。     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pentacyclic triterpene saponins in the defensive secretions of Platyphora leaf beetles

Summary. Field collected exocrine defensive secretions of nine neotropical Platyphora species were analyzed for the presence of plant acquired pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pentacyclic triterpene saponins. All species secrete saponins. In addition, five species feeding on Tournefortia (Boraginaceae), Koanophyllon (Asteraceae, tribe Eupatorieae) and Prestonia (Apocynaceae) were shown to sequester PAs of the lycopsamine type, which are characteristic for species of the three plant families. The PA sequestering species commonly store intermedine, lycopsamine and their O^3′-acetyl or propionyl esters as well as O⁷- and O⁹-hydroxyisovaleryl esters of retronecine. The latter as well as the O^3′-acyl esters were not found in the beetles’ host plants, suggesting the ability of the beetles to esterify plant derived retronecine and intermedine or its stereoisomers. Despite the conformity of the beetles’ PA patterns, considerable inconsistencies exist regarding the PA patterns of the respective host plants. One host plant was devoid of PAs, while another contained only simple necines. Since the previous history of the field collected beetles was unknown this discrepancy remains obscure. In contrast to the Palearctic chrysomeline leaf beetles, e.g. some Oreina species which ingest and store PAs as their non-toxic N-oxides, Platyphora leaf beetles absorb and store PAs as the toxic free base (tertiary PA), but apparently avoid to accumulate PAs in the haemolymph. This suggests that Chrysolina and Platyphora leaf beetles developed different lines of adaptations in their parallel evolution of PA mediated chemical defense. Received 30 November 2000; accepted 5 February 2001     

大叶女贞叶面结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响

为分析叶面微结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响,以分布较广的常绿植物——大叶女贞为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪(湿法)测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察叶面微结构;并用图像处理软件(图像法)分析叶面颗粒物的粒径特征,探讨不同测定方法对叶面颗粒物粒径分布的可能影响.结果表明,大叶女贞叶面滞留颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,湿法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～ 52.6μm,粒径峰值为18.9 μm、36.2 μm,粒径均值为8.8 μm;图像法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～27.8 μm,粒径峰值为17.5μm、27.8μm,粒径均值为7.2μm.叶表面分布有大量的突起和凹陷,凹陷直径介于0.6～ 30 μm,直径小于2.5μm和10 μm的凹陷约占到总量的50％和80％.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)主要滞留在叶表的凹陷结构中,有少量粒径大于10 μm的颗粒物滞留在突起之上.PM2.5和PM10的体积分数仅占滞尘总量的17.9％和50.4％(湿法)、16.8％和45.9％(图像法),但数量多于大粒径颗粒物,这与小粒径的颗粒在个数上占优势、但大粒径的颗粒则对叶面滞留颗粒物的质量(或体积)贡献较大有关.叶背面颗粒物附着密度较正面小,PM2.5等颗粒物多分布在气孔周围,有少量颗粒物沉积在气孔上,从而堵塞气孔.     

进水渗滤液总氮和BOD5/TN对填埋场反应器反硝化和厌氧氨氧化协同脱氮的影响

晚期垃圾渗滤液具有氨氮浓度较高、碳氮比(C/N)较低和可生化性差的特点,生物脱氮较困难.本文研究了改变进水总氮负荷和BOD5/TN比值对填埋场生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,总氮负荷为15~25g·(m3·d)-1的范围内时,总氮去除负荷稳定为10~12 g·(m3·d)-1,但是总氮去除率随着负荷的增加从67.7%下降至60.2%,说明在一定范围总氮负荷的增加会降低总氮去除率,但不会影响去除负荷.当改变进水的BOD5/TN从0.3提高到0.4后,总氮负荷为9 g·(m3·d)-1时的厌氧、准好氧反应器,总氮去除率可从79.9%分别提高到89.9%和86.2%,表明提高BOD5/TN能够有效促进填埋场生物反应器对总氮污染物的去除,并且厌氧条件下效果更好.脱氮途径分析表明,填埋场生物反应器中厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用可以协同脱氮.     

Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of Morinda morindoides leaf extract

This study investigated antioxidant status of animals given aqueous extract of Morinda morindoides leaves using the levels of reduced glutathione, total-thiol, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as malondialdehyde concentrations as indices, and its in vitro antioxidant capacity. Thirty rats divided into five groups were used. Group A served as control and were administered distilled water while groups B, C, D, and E were given 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg per kilogram body weight of water-extracted constituents of M. morindoides for 28 days. Total phenolic compounds amounted to 83.6 ± 5.9 mg g^?1 gallic acid equivalent, while total flavonoid content was 9.5 ± 0.9 mg g^?1 pyrocathecol equivalent. Malondialdehyde in plasma was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 21% in groups B and C to 84% in groups D and E. Vitamins C and E were significantly increased, in group E by 91% and 17% compared with control. Total thiols and glutathione in plasma were significantly increased, with group E having 2.5-fold and 4.2-fold higher values than control.     

光和微生物降解对芦苇落叶溶解有机物与铅相互作用的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）是决定水环境中铅（Pb）的形态、环境行为和生态风险的重要因子.然而,落叶DOM与Pb（II）络合作用的调控机制尚不清楚.光和微生物降解是调控DOM含量、组成与活性的两个关键过程.本研究运用降解培养实验、光谱学表征和荧光猝灭滴定,考察光和微生物降解单独作用和共同作用对芦苇落叶DOM的改造及其对DOM与Pb（II）相互作用的影响.激发-发射三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析共识别出4个类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和1个类蛋白质组分（C5）.类腐殖质组分更容易被光降解,类蛋白质组分则被微生物优先利用,光降解在短期的光-微生物降解过程中起主导作用.对于原始落叶DOM,Pb（II）主要与类腐殖质组分C1、C2和C4络合,C3组分只在光-微生物降解后的样品呈现显著荧光猝灭,类蛋白质组分C5在光和光-微生物降解后开始参与络合.类腐殖质C1与Pb（II）络合的条件稳定常数logK_M在光降解后升高而在光-微生物降解后下降,C2和C4的logK_M值经过各降解过程后均升高.降解后这3个组分参与络合的比例f和络合容量F_max·f均显著降低,且光降解的影响显著高于微生物降解.这些结果表明,光降解和微生物降解对DOM丰度、组成和结构的改造将显著影响其与金属离子的络合稳定性和络合容量.     

黄淮海地区干热风灾害致灾因子时空特征分析

黄淮海地区是我国冬小麦主产区,也是干热风灾害危害最重、影响最广的地区,本研究利用黄淮海冬麦主产区81个站点1961-2017年的逐日气象数据和冬小麦生育期资料,分析了该地区小麦成熟期和干热风致灾因子的时空变化特征。在81个测站中,有23个成熟期提前趋势显著或极显著,但大部地区成熟期变化趋势不显著,有63%的站点未通过显著性检验。对干热风致灾因子达标日数和相似系数的分析表明,达到干热风灾害阈值的概率依次为14:00风速>14:00相对湿度>日最高气温,最高气温是形成干热风的主要限制因素,轻干热风的发生最高气温和相对湿度起主要作用,重干热风则是高温胁迫起决定作用,低湿条件使胁迫加重,风速只起辅助作用。揭示了该地区干热风危害总体减轻的气象条件基础,即干热风3要素表现为最高气温略降、14:00相对湿度略增、14:00风速明显减小的特征,3要素均向有利于减轻干热风发生的方向变化,对于冬小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成是有利的。但灌浆成熟期内最低气温的显著升高,意味着气温日较差减小、小麦夜间呼吸消耗增大,对其干物质积累和产量形成带来潜在不利影响。