湖南长沙市的城市地质环境调查

世界人口越来越向城市集中,城市化带来了城市地质环境变化,城市的地质环境研究已引起广泛的注意和重视。文章从地质环境、水文环境、大气环境和地球化学环境阐述了长沙市区的城市环境,提出进一步开展城市生态地球化学研究,对环境状态未来的变化进行预测,防止类似化学定时炸弹的地球化学灾害的发生,加强环境保护,使经济发展与自然环境和谐一致。     

Injury Severity Score alone predicts mortality when compared to EMS scene time and transport time for motor vehicle trauma patients who arrive alive to hospital

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study aims to identify the association, if any, between prehospital scene time, prehospital transport time, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) with in-hospital mortality.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients at least 18 years of age who arrived to the hospital alive via emergency medical services (EMS) after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) between 1992 and 2016. These patients were divided into groups based on minutes spent at the scene and in transport. The ISS of the in-hospital mortalities, as well as the entire patient sample for each time frame, was collected. Patients without documented scene time, transport time, or ISS were excluded.

Results: Four thousand one hundred ninety-four patients were captured when analyzing scene time, though only 3,980 met inclusion criteria. In addition, 4,177 patients were captured when analyzing transport time, though only 3,979 met inclusion criteria. Scene time and transport time were not statistically significant predictors of in-hospital mortality (P = .31 and P = .458, respectively). ISS was found to be a statistically significant predictor of in-hospital mortality (P < .001).

Conclusions: ISS predicts mortality independent of scene time or transport time for patients who arrive to the hospital alive following an MVC at Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital. Limitations of our study include inability to capture prehospital deaths and inability to correlate ISS with prehospital injury severity scores.     

Anthropometric study of emergency medical services providers (EMSP) in the United States

Introduction: Design of next-generation ambulance patient compartment requires up-to date anthropometric data of emergency medical service providers (EMSP). Currently, no such data exist in the U.S. A large-scale anthropometric study of EMSP in the U.S. were conducted. This report provided the summary statistics (means, standard deviation, and percentiles) of the study’s results and examined the anthropometric differences between the EMSP dataset and the U.S. general population, and between the EMSP dataset and U.S. military personnel dataset, respectively. Method: An anthropometric study of 471 male and 161 female EMSP from across the continental US was conducted, using a sampling strategy that took into account age, sex, and race strata. Results: On average, male EMSP were found to be 18 mm taller and 7 kg heavier than US male general population, and 19 mm taller and 11 kg heavier than US male military personnel. Female EMSP were found to be 25 mm taller than US female general population, and 10 kg heavier than US female military personnel. Conclusions: These results showed that it would be inappropriate to apply general population or military data to the design of next-generation ambulance patient compartment. This new dataset provided the most recent and accurate EMSP anthropometric measurements available in the US. Practical Application: Data from this study provided an invaluable resource for the design of next-generation ambulances in the US.     

重大疫情下冷链应急物流协同配送决策博弈分析

为提高重大疫情下冷链应急物流协同配送效率,以尽可能短的时间满足疫区冷链物资需求,采用演化博弈理论构建冷链应急医疗物资协同配送决策的演化博弈模型,并将感染病毒风险系数及损失引入模型,分析冷链应急医疗保障部门与冷链物流企业配送策略选择问题。结果表明:在感染病毒风险系数一定的情况下,演化主体最终是否趋向高效策略和积极合作策略,与冷链应急医疗保障部门的投入运营维护成本、物流企业积极合作增值放大系数、积极合作的社会声誉及形象增值、正常运营经济收益等因素有直接关系。在运营维护成本增大和收益减少情景下,冷链应急医疗保障部门策略呈现波动性。研究结论可为重大疫情下冷链应急医疗物资协同配送提供参考。     

医疗废弃物焚烧挥发性氯含量与热值测试与估算

通过测定上海某医疗废弃物处置公司设定燃烧工况条件下某时间段内烟气中HC l的平均排放速率,估算出上海地区医疗垃圾废物中的可燃烧转化氯含量在2.33%~2.64%左右;通过测定各较小采样时间段(2 m in)的烟气HC l浓度测定发现批次进料造成烟气中HC l浓度近4倍的波动,通过初步的热平衡估算得到医疗废弃物的热值大致在21.8 M J/kg,得到的结果可为我国医疗废弃物的焚烧工艺设计提供基础依据。     

金沙江堰塞湖细粒碎屑沉积物元素地球化学特征及其对河流演化的指示

堰塞湖沉积物是研究水系演化和区域构造活动的关键对象.本文对金沙江奔子栏-巧家河段新生代堰塞湖、下伏河流相及现代河滩沉积物细粒泥沙(＜0.063 mm),进行元素地球化学特征分析,揭示各堰塞湖物源变化情况,并探讨对金沙江水系演化的指示意义.研究发现:1.萨赛登、奔子栏、石鼓、涛源和金塘等堰塞湖与现代河滩沉积物的元素地球化...     

医疗废物回转窑焚烧线中二恶英的生成

通过采集医疗废物回转窑焚烧生产线不同部位的烟气的二恶英样品,研究了医废焚烧过程二恶英在焚烧线200～600℃区间不同烟道断面烟气中分布变化情况。研究结果表明,医疗废物焚烧后烟气中二恶英的发生浓度要高于一般的生活垃圾焚烧烟气的浓度,大致在5～23.3 ng TEQ/m3的范围,锅炉出口到脱酸塔入口段的管道和设备为烟气中二恶英重新合成的高发区域,医废焚烧烟气中二恶英(TEQ)主要是以气态污染物的形态存在。     

医疗废物高温蒸气杀菌工艺中质热传递模型

医疗废物高温蒸气灭菌工艺中,如何使蒸气充分渗透到医疗废物内部是决定杀菌效果的关键。结合实际的操作工艺,以单片物料作为研究对象,将其视为多孔介质,从多孔物料传质传热的基本理论出发,建立了医疗废物内部传质传热数学模型,给出了其解析解,并通过实验验证了所建模型的合理性。     

化学恐怖袭击事件的危害、征兆及紧急应对措施研究

在介绍化学恐怖活动的特点、化学毒剂的种类和对人体的危害的基础上,从怎样察觉判断化学毒剂的存在、发生化学恐怖袭击事件后的紧急应对措施、在不同公共场合发生恐怖袭击事件后的自救逃生等几个方面进行了研讨,提出利用化学恐怖袭击的征兆通过感官法、生物法与化学侦检法判断是否发生化学恐怖袭击,分析总结化学恐怖袭击发生时的紧急应对程序,以及遇袭人员出现染毒病症后的"一戴二隔三救出"及"六早"现场医学应急救援措施,并给出地铁、机场、学校、商场、高层建筑、体育馆、大型会展场馆等公共场所发生化学恐怖袭击事件时的自救逃生指引。     

LFX-20型逆燃式医疗废物焚烧炉二恶英实测分析

概述我国目前医疗废物焚烧处置中的主要炉型,着重介绍LFX-20型逆燃式焚烧炉焚烧处置医疗废物的实际运行工况。在1燃室、2燃室平均温度分别为869.5℃和898.7℃条件下,对医疗废物焚烧烟气进行检测。各项常规指标均低于国标限值,二恶英检测中其质量浓度实测值为15ng/m3,相应毒性当量为0.46ngTEQ/m3,同时对医疗废物焚烧后产生烟气中二恶英和灰渣的检测结果进行了分析,焚烧后底渣体积约为焚烧前医疗废物体积的1/10,重量为原来的12%～18%,飞灰热灼减率为34.6%,并给出分析结果。