地幔流体的稳定同位素地球化学综述

总结了 2 0年来国内外学者对地幔流体研究的成果和认识。主要包括地幔流体的性质和组成 ;地幔流体中同位素的含量、组成和赋存形式 ;同位素分馏和地幔脱气等作用对地幔组分的影响等。在不同地区和不同构造环境条件的地幔流体中 ,各种组分含量和同位素组成变化可以很大 ,从一个侧面指示地幔组分的不均一性 ,反映了不同地幔物质的形成历程不同或来自不同的地幔源区。此外 ,还讨论了目前存在的几个疑点     

Background Mercury Concentrations in River Water in Maine, U.S.A.

Mercury concentrations in 58 rivers in Maine was measured to range from below detection up to 7.01 ng L^-1 and averaged 1.80±1.29 ng L^-1. The concentration gradient for mercury in rivers across the state was not uniform. Mercury strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aluminum, and less strongly with copper, lead, and zinc. Mercuryexhibited significant differences in correlations with chemical variables and local geology when partitioned by flow state (high or low). Mercury concentrations were greatest in rivers flowingacross either wacke-type bedrock at low metamorphic grade, or glacial-till deposits. Elevated concentrations of mercury formed a locus in northern Maine under both high and low-flow states while in southwestern Maine a locus formed only during high-flowstates. These regional differences were statistically significantwhen compared by geographical location. We suggest that there is a bedrock source of mercury in northeastern Maine that is dilutedduring periods of high runoff. The elevated concentrations detected under high-flow states, as noted in southwestern Maine, may reflect mercury released from storage in association withDOC during periods of high runoff. The association of mercury with flow state indicates that watershed processes and local geology can modulate the concentration of mercury in rivers.     

医疗废物无害化处理工艺及移动床热分解炉的选择应用

随着我国医疗废物处理的各项法规、条例等规章制度的建立和健全,彻底实现医疗废物的无害化、减量化、资源化,对处理工艺及主要设备的合理选择提出了更高的要求。在此就中原某市医疗废物无害化处理工程设计工艺及热分解炉的选择特点做出了较明确的阐述,可供参考。     

医疗废物焚烧处置过程中关键参数研究

针对我国相关标准和技术规范在医疗废物焚烧处置中的问题,以控制二英、燃烧效果、残渣处置为关键目标,从二英控制机理、工况设计、设备选择和残渣处置等焚烧的关键环节进行深入分析。提出:一燃室、二燃室的最佳温度分别为850～870和1000～1200℃;烟气停留时间大于2s,但可根据实际情况延长;湍流程度的雷诺数大于1×104,当雷诺数大于5×104时,焚烧效率更高;急冷装置在180～550℃时烟气停留时间应小于1 5s,布袋除尘器最佳工作温度为120～150℃;残渣、飞灰和底渣中的w(PCDD DFs)(以TEQ计,下同)应分别小于1 0,0 3和0 5ng g。当底渣中的w(PCDD DFs)高于0 3ng g时,则当作危险废物处理。      

厦门西溪河口沉积物活性磷的分布特征及迁移转化机制

为探索不同河口区域锰、铁和硫地球化学行为对活性磷分布的影响,选择厦门西溪河口,应用薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）采样技术,对沉积物DGT有效态磷（DGT-P）、锰、铁和硫进行原位和高分辨监测.结果表明,在垂向剖面中,DGT-P的分布与铁和硫的氧化还原转化以及沉积物活性磷背景值关系密切,磷的钝化/活化主要受控于铁氧化物对磷的氧化吸附和还原溶解,以及硫酸盐还原和硫化物积累引发的磷活化;沿采样点分布,DGT-P的浓度平均值差异大（0.075~0.80 mg ·L^-1）,与盐度无关,而是与氧化还原条件密切相关,即氧化带越深磷浓度平均值越低;模型模拟结果表明,表层沉积物对孔隙水磷的再补给能力与DGT-P浓度及氧化还原条件相关,即氧化环境不利于沉积物磷的解吸再补给,而还原环境中与铁和硫地球化学的耦合有利于维持高活性磷浓度以及磷的持续释放.     

地质环境与人身健康研究

分析和探讨了岩土矿物、地气、矿泉与人身健康的关系，认为地方疾病的致病物质除一部分直接来自人类生产和生活制品外，主要源于自然界的大气，水土、岩石中的化学元素。指出地方疾病应归属为一种与地质环境（地貌、土地、岩石、地气等）密切相关的特殊类型地质灾害。并提出了改变劣质生态环境、医疗和保护避毒等防治对策。     

Influence of Black Shales on Soils and Edible Plants in the Ankang Area, Shaanxi Province, P. R. of China

The Ankang black shales in P. R. of China provides an important example of natural geological materials containing toxic elements. This paper presents the results of environmental geochemical research on black shales, soils, waters and edible plants in the Ankang area, Shaanxi Province, P. R. of China. The study area lies in the northern margin of the Yangtze Platform; there are black shales which contains black shale, carbonaceous rocks and coal in the Cambrian Donghe Formation throughout the area. Mean trace element concentrations of the coal were high. Soils derived from these rocks tend to reflect their extreme geochemical composition. Chemical analysis of common plant species in the Ankang area showed a heterogeneous distribution of Se, Mo, and V within a single and among plant species. Selenium was more concentrated in radish than in legumes, and in potato more than in green vegetable. High V concentrations were found in two kinds of Chinese tea. Legume had more Mo in the seed than potato, although Mo concentrations in radish vary. Higher concentrations of Se and Mo are present in the leaf of radish.     

沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征研究方法进展

从沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征的角度,结合国内外研究成果,阐述了沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征研究方法研究进展,分析总结了目前的研究方法和成果,提出为全面了解重金属污染物在沉积物中迁移转化规律,需全面对比每一类研究方法.     

关于完善我国医疗废物无害化处置和管理的政策思考

该文全面分析了我国医疗废物管理与处理、处置现状、政策法规贯彻执行情况和能力建设情况。医疗废物,作为危险废物管理中相对独立的一个重要组成部分,在我国得到了高度的重视。“十一五”期间,法律、法规的支撑体系趋于完善,环保、卫生分工合作的管理体制基本形成,医疗废物集中处置设施建设取得突破,城市医疗废物处置率快速上升。不过,医疗废物污染防治工作依然严峻。医疗废物环境无害化管理作依然存在医疗废物分类体系不当、收运处置体系不完善、监管能力不足、疫情应急能力缺乏等问题,东中西部地区、城市与偏远农村地区的设施水平、管理能力的差异还较大。对此,作者建议将医疗废物无害化处置纳入“十二五”环境保护规划范围,完善医废分类,规范收集和后续处理、处置,并从完善医疗废物分类和收集管理、全方位提高无害处处置水平、推进设施规范运行和整改淘汰、提升疫情应急应对能力等方面提出了政策建议。