论提高健康投资效率的最优选择

我国目前正处在健康体制改革的关键时期．把有限的健康资金用于初级健康保障领域，还是继续投入到大病统筹医疗保险．将决定未来我国健康体制的投资绩效。在现行健康保障制度下．我国公共卫生支出规模小、投入结构不合理加重了城乡居民的健康负担；医疗服务可及性低、公平性差导致居民健康产出水平低、医疗服务满意度差。并造成巨大的人力资本损耗和经济损失。在我国现有财力水平下．作为卫生领域的主要参与主体，政府应该逐步提高公共卫生支出规模、改变现有卫生筹资模式．将公共健康资金更多的投入于具有广覆盖、低投入、高产出的初级健康服务领域。这是实现健康公平性、减轻民众健康负担和提高健康投资效率、提高民众健康产出的有效途径。     

医疗污水处理系统中污泥处理工程实践

分析了国内医疗污水处理系统中污泥消毒处理的现状和必要性,并对常用的几种污泥消毒处理的方法进行了比较,提出在不同的环境条件下,使用C IO2和石灰作消毒剂对医疗污水处理系统中污泥进行消毒的工艺路线。工程实践表明,此工艺稳定可靠,运行成本低廉,较好地做到经济和环境效益的统一。     

PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES OF BATCH-EXTRACT EXPERIMENTS USING WATER FROM A COAL MINE1

ABSTRACT: The ability of batch-extraction experiments to predict postmining ground water quality was evaluated. As a basis for evaluation, mineralogical and water quality data were used to identify the geochemical reactions that controlled the major-ion chemistry in batch-extraction experiments. The experiments used water and spoil material collected from a surface-coal mine in the Powder River basin of northeast Wyoming. The batch-extraction experiments consisted of a 2:1 solid:liquid ratio of ground water and spoil material (by weight). The chemical composition of the resulting batch-extracts was determined after a contact time of 24 hours. Thermodynamically-favorable reactions included calcite precipitation, gypsum dissolution, and formation of kaolinite as a result of orthoclase feldspar hydrolysis. Three reaction models were consistent with the therinodynanuc and mineralogic data. In general, the extracts had smaller major-ion concentrations than did the water samples collected from the spoil aquifer. Correction ratios were calculated from these experiments and could be used in combination with additional batch-extractions at existing or future lease areas to predict the quality of the ground water after mining.     

甘肃窑街煤矿二氧化碳突出及防治

本文对甘肃窑街煤矿特大型二氧化碳突出的特征、地质构造背景及防治工作进行了研究。研究结果表明突出气体是煤系自燃热解所生成,根据对方解石脉进行裂变径迹测年和气体的氩同位素研究,表明气体形成于晚第三纪至早更新世;突出区大量CO_2气主要受断裂构造与强应力场控制而蕴藏在厚煤层中。 打前探孔、震动放炮、抽放卸压等措施对于防治突出,减少损失具有积极的作用,而厚煤层中的断裂带部位是最危险的区段,应重点防范。     

医疗废物安全处理技术优选方法

从医疗废物的产生量、特性和处理要求出发,定性分析了各类处理技术的优缺点和适宜性,并初步筛选出4类可行技术:高温处理法、高压蒸汽灭菌法、微波灭菌法和化学消毒法,结合我国处置现状、经济水平、政策导向和国际趋势等因素,基于AHP方法建立了“4层-13指标-4方案”层次决策模型,对4项处理技术进行了定量评估,并以杭州市医疗废物安全处置项目为例进行验证,其结果显示高温处理法是此项目的最佳选择.对所建立的医疗废物安全处理技术优选方法体系进行了总结.实例研究证明,该体系可为医疗废物安全处理技术选择提供决策支持.     

黔西南铊污染区铊的水环境地球化学研究

黔西南滥木厂地区由于铊的硫化物矿化,导致铊在地下水和地表水中十分富集,其富集程度从高到低依次为矿坑深层地下水、地表溪流水和浅层地下水。地下水中铊的含量在矿化区最高,随着远离矿化区而逐渐降低。在地表溪流水中,铊的含量表现出下游河段远远高出上游和中游河段的分布特征;下游溪流水中铊的较高含量可能与来自矿化区地下水在下游河床溢出的贡献有关。滥木厂研究区水体中铊的富集具有潜在的环境危害。饮用水中铊的含量低于美国的安全标准,尚未构成明显的健康危害,但应该加强对饮用水中铊含量的定期监测。富铊的溪流水通过农业灌溉途径会造成铊的进一步扩散,从而导致农业土壤的铊污染,值得高度关注。     

"微波-高温高压蒸汽"医疗废物无害化处置技术

文章介绍了“微波-高温高压蒸汽”医疗废物无害化处置技术的原理、系统组成及技术特点。     

Changes in Sediment Sources following Wildfire in Mountainous Terrain: A Paired–Catchment Approach,British Columbia,Canada

This paper describes a study examining the potential of mineral magnetic, geochemical and organic properties to determine if a 2003 wildfire in a catchment in British Columbia, Canada, caused a change in the sources of the suspended sediment transported in the channel relative to a nearby unburnt (reference) catchment. The results show that some of the properties offer the potential to determine sediment sources in the unburnt catchment. However, the 2003 wildfire modified the concentrations of some properties and this can either compromise or enhance their ability as tracers in the burnt catchment. At present, the source tracing results are inconclusive. This has implications for the use of certain properties as fingerprints and raises important issues about approaches to sediment source identification.     

运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染

本文阐述了运用地球化学防治矿山环境污染的基本原理和一些应用实例,介绍了矿山环境污染和地球化学的基本联系;阐述了地球化学勘查方法和对尾矿、废石以及矿山酸性废水的治理的应用;探讨了美国在矿床的地球化学背景和基准值、矿床地质—环境模型应用方面的先进经验,并针对国情提出了一些其它防治矿山环境污染的地球化学方法。     

Factor analysis applied to a geochemical study of suspended sediments from the Gediz River, western Turkey

Suspended sediment particles collected from 33 sampling points at a site located close to industrial and geological areas in Gediz river, western Turkey were analysed for 15 elements (Ca, Ti, Mn, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Ra, U, Th and ⁴⁰K) by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), Gamma Spectroscopy (GS), and Collector Chamber Method (CCM). Both varimax and oblimin factor rotations were applied to the data, but varimax rotated factor analysis was used for source identification of suspended sediments. Three factors were extracted from the suspended data, which account for about 70% of the total data variance. These factors are interpreted as economy, mine and radioactivity/mine/agriculture.