医疗废物焚烧炉运行前后5年周边土壤重金属对比分析研究

为研究医疗废物焚烧炉对周边土壤中重金属含量的影响,对某典型焚烧厂周围土壤进行了运行前和运行5年(2007—2012年)后重金属含量的采样分析研究.共采集20个土壤样品、2个飞灰样品,并对其中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锑(Sb)、钒(V)、锌(Zn)共10种重金属的含量进行了测定.结果显示,除Pb外,其余金属元素含量都有不同程度的升高.主成分分析表明,医疗废物焚烧厂并不是该区域土壤中重金属的唯一污染来源,还存在其它潜在污染源.健康风险评估结果显示,砷(As)在非致癌及致癌风险评估中都明显超标,必须严格控制砷排放,降低砷在环境中的含量.     

医疗垃圾焚烧炉的选型研究

医疗垃圾是一类危害极大的特殊废物。自20世纪50年代起,医疗垃圾的处理已引起世界各国的广泛重视。目前,国内外学者对医疗垃圾处理技术特别是医疗垃圾焚烧炉的研究日益丰富,已经取得了一定的研究成果。通过综合比较机械炉床水墙式焚烧炉、回转窑焚烧炉、控气式焚烧炉、流化床式焚烧炉等几种医疗垃圾焚烧炉,综合评定了各种焚烧炉的处理能力及优缺点。最后分析得出了该专利具有多方面的优点,更适合处理医疗垃圾。     

生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧研究

阐述了生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧市场的现状;研究了垃圾的物理成分、组成元素、毒理性,以及执行标准、焚烧炉炉型等,分析了生活垃圾与医疗垃圾混烧会出现的问题;从投资估算和技术经济角度对混烧及分别处理方式的投资收益进行对比,最终得出不推荐生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧的结论。     

An estimate of the effectiveness of an in-vehicle automatic collision notification system in reducing road crash fatalities in South Australia

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the potential effectiveness of an in-vehicle automatic collision notification (ACN) system in reducing all road crash fatalities in South Australia (SA).

Methods: For the years 2008 to 2009, traffic accident reporting system (TARS) data, emergency medical services (EMS) road crash dispatch data, and coroner's reports were matched and examined. This was done to initially determine the extent to which there were differences between the reported time of a fatal road crash in the mass crash data and the time EMS were notified and dispatched. In the subset of fatal crashes where there was a delay, injuries detailed by a forensic pathologist in individual coroner's reports were examined to determine the likelihood of survival had there not been a delay in emergency medical assistance.

Results: In 25% (N = 53) of fatalities in SA in the period 2008 to 2009, there was a delay in the notification of the crash event, and hence dispatch of EMS, that exceeded 10 min. In the 2-year crash period, 5 people were likely to have survived through more prompt crash notification enabling quicker emergency medical assistance. Additionally, 3 people potentially would have survived if surgical intervention (or emergency medical assistance to sustain life until surgery) occurred more promptly.

Conclusions: The minimum effectiveness rate of an ACN system in SA with full deployment is likely to be in the range of 2.4 to 3.8% of all road crash fatalities involving all vehicle types and all vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists) from 2008 to 2009. Considering only passenger vehicle occupants, the benefit is likely to be 2.6 to 4.6%. These fatality reductions could only have been achieved through earlier notification of each crash and their location to enable a quicker medical response. This might be achievable through a fully deployed in-vehicle ACN system.     

Assessment of Quality for Middle Level and High School Student‐Generated Water Quality Data

Student scientists have analyzed groundwater used for drinking water in rural areas to understand groundwater quality. This was part of a greater effort to understand risks to drinking water. The data produced by middle level and high school students have not been accepted by experts because of concerns about method and student accuracy. We assessed the inherent errors associated with method accuracy, student precision, and sample variability to establish bounds for attainable trueness in water analyses. Analytical test kits and probes were evaluated for the determination of pH, conductivity, chloride, hardness, iron, total soluble metals, and nitrate. In terms of precision, all methods met or exceeded design specifications. Method trueness was variable and in general ranged from good to poor depending on method. A gage reproducibility and repeatability analysis of instrumental methods (pH and conductivity) partitioned the variances into student error (12‐46%), instrumental error (8‐21%), and random error (45‐68%). Overall, student‐generated data met some of the quality objectives consistent with the method limitations. Some methods exhibited a systematic bias and data adjustment may be necessary. Given good management of the student analyst process, it is possible to make precise and accurate measurements consistent with the methods specifications.     

福建晚白垩世古土壤特征及其古环境意义

古土壤是重建古气候的重要手段,第四纪以前古土壤因受各种地质作用影响不易被识别.本研究以福建西部连城盆地晚白垩世红层 —— 冠豸山剖面为研究对象,通过野外观察、土壤微结构和地球化学元素迁移等方法识别和获得古土壤发育特征,并分析古土壤形成环境.冠豸山剖面共有10个薄层古土壤,主要为新成土和始成土两种类型,土壤发育较弱,没有明显的黏化层和钙结核层.沉积物颗粒和稀土元素分布特征显示剖面中含有一定的风积组分,风积物经短暂流水搬运再次沉积,形成沉积层理.红色碎屑颗粒在沉积之前已经历相当程度的风化,沉积后在干旱环境下成壤较弱,因此,对其古气候或古环境的认识需依据古土壤发育特征,这为研究类似红层提供了新的思路.     

城市医疗废物处置设施空间选址评价

以地域分异规律和吸引力模型为理论基础,提出基于GIS的城市医疗废物处置设施选址的空间评价模型,利用第三代GIS地理数据库模型Geodatabase实现了该方法.以珠江三角洲某城市为例,将该市划分为46个镇级基本单元,应用情景分析方法生成了医疗废物集中处置的2个空间选址方案并进行了空间评价;为了进行对比分析,还构建了传统的费用模型进行了评价,两者结果一致.进一步的空间分析表明,该市医疗废物数量空间分布和密度空间分布和较优方案具有空间相关性.     

Geochemical index of trace metals in the surficial sediments from the western continental shelf of India, Arabian Sea

The present study focuses on the determination and abundance of trace metals (viz. Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Mn and Fe) in the surficial sediments of west coast of Arabian Sea along the Indian subcontinent. Sediment samples were collected from three transects along the western continental shelf of Arabian Sea. The enrichment of Fe and Mn in coastal oxic-sediments indicates the precipitation of these redox sensitive elements as Fe- and Mn-hydroxides and oxides, whereas the low Fe and Mn concentrations in the oxygen deficient sediments of deeper stations reflects the dissolution of their hydroxides and oxides. Concentrations of fairly redox insensitive trace metals like Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cd (with the exceptions of Cr) showed higher values at nearshore sediments, then it decreased towards seaward and again showed a slight increase at oxygen minimum stations in all the three transects. This geochemical variability in their distributional characteristics is mainly associated with the extent to which the precipitation or dissolution of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides occur since the scavenging or releasing effects of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides act as significant ‘sinks’ or ‘sources’ of heavy metals. The change in wind pattern, coastal upwelling and increased productivity are also the reported factors which influence the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the surface sediments of west coast of India. Enrichment factor generally showed a high gradient accumulation from nearshore to shelf.     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Distribution in the Urban Environment of Guangzhou, SE China

Ever-increasing heavy metal accumulation in the urban environment of Guangzhou, the largest light industrial production base and one of the most rapidly developing cities in China, poses a serious threat to environment as well as to human health in the region. As a sink or source, urban deposits are good indicators of the level and extent of heavy metal accumulation in the surface environment. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the distribution of heavy metal contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou. It was based on a systematic sampling of road dusts and corresponding gully sediments along major roads running mainly through commercial and residential to industrial districts of the city. In addition to road dusts and gully sediments, ceiling dusts from the Pearl River Tunnel were also collected to characterize anthropogenic emissions dominated by traffic-related activities. In general, the level of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contaminations were more severe on the industrialized side of Guangzhou than on the western side where heavy traffic and industrial activities were limited. The primary determinants of the level of heavy metal contamination and the distribution of this contamination in the urban environment of Guangzhou were the site-specific conditions of its urban setting, particularly the types of industries, the nature of the traffic flow, sample residence times and variations in grain size of the particulate contaminants. This study highlights the complexity of the urban system and indicates that in just such a system individual urban components should be interlinked to assess the long-term environmental and health effects of heavy metal contamination. Among the heavy metals tested – Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn – the level of Zn contamination was the most severe and widespread, and thus requires immediate attention.     

大石桥地区与镁相关元素的相互关系及其影响因素

大石桥地区以丰富的菱镁矿资源而著称,但资源的开采也给当地生态环境带来负面的影响.以大石桥地区为研究背景,分析研究菱镁矿开采对当地地球化学环境造成的影响.采用数学统计和相关分析方法研究10种元素在不同生态环境因子中的相互关系及土壤试样中的含量变化曲线;重点分析了9种元素在土壤中的相互关系及其制约因素.结果表明,大石桥地区的菱镁矿开采严重影响了研究区域内的地球化学环境以及各种金属非金属元素在不同生态环境因子中的含量;Mg在土壤中的含量变化会不同程度地影响土壤对其他金属非金属元素的吸收;土壤中一部分地球化学性质相近元素的相关性并没有达到显著水平;元素在土壤环境中的相互关系与其外部环境有一定的关系.镁元素对动植物而言是不可缺少的常量元素,但高镁环境不利于动植物正常的生长发育,威胁到了人类健康,容易产生一些地方性疾病.