杜仲研究的现状与展望

本文概述了杜仲在资源、栽培、化学成分及药理活性和临床应用等方面的研究现状,并对其开发利用前景进行了展望。     

西南药用植物资源及其开发利用

西南中药材以其品种多、质优量大、历史悠久而驰名中外,素有＂川广云贵＂之称。其野生药用植物资源有５７００余种,占全国该类植物资源总种数的８０％左右,治疗各类疾病的药用植物和原料药原植物,几乎是应有尽有,是开发研制特效、速效和保健天然药物的宝库。本文论述了西南药用植物资源的特点、开发利用的现状和问题,并依据当今世界药物发展的趋势和西南资源的特点,提出了西南药用植物资源今后开发的战略和措施。     

四川凉山州9种野生蘑菇的重金属含量

报道了采集于四川凉山州9种野生蘑菇及相关土壤的重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg和As的含量.结果表明,供试土壤均未检出Hg,3个采集地除会理林家山土壤样品有Cd的检出,另外两个样地土壤未检出Cd.土壤中Pb、Zn和As在干土中的含量分别为52.806 4~274.731 0 mg/kg、18.747 5~164.585 8 mg/kg和3.970 9~10.749 9 mg/kg.野生蘑菇对Cd和Hg具有很强的积累能力,在土壤中没有Cd和Hg检出的情况下,蘑菇中均测出了Cd和Hg,Cd含量高达28.383 6 mg/kg出现在梭孢环柄菇(Lepita ventriosospora),Hg含量最高为0.860 7 mg/kg出现在大白菇(Russula deli-ca).在土壤受Pb污染的情况下,大白菇子实体积累Pb的能力最强,含量为115.929 0 mg/kg.本次蘑菇样品Zn的含量不高.蘑菇对As的积累与土壤中As含量高低有关,最高含量为喇叭陀螺菌(Gomphus floccosus),为4.003 5 mg/kg.表明蘑菇对重金属的积累具有种特异性,与环境土壤重金属含量有关.基于蘑菇对重金属的强积累能力,可考虑作为净化重金属污染环境的特种生物.图1表2参11     

鼎湖山药用蕨类植物资源与分布

鼎湖山蕨类植物资源十分丰富，共有４０科７８属１３４种，本文调查了鼎湖山境内现有分布的可药用蕨类植物有３４科５９属９０种，并对其生境分布，药用功效，化学成分作了阐述，它们在鼎湖山植物被的种类成分上占有一定地位，许多常用的民间单，验方中有新用途的药物未开发在科学系统地调查研究的基础上制定出可行的开发利用计划。     

Accumulation of elements by edible mushroom species II. A comparison of aluminium,barium and nutritional element contents

The aim of the study was to compare accumulation efficiency of Al, Ba and nutritional elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na) exhibited by six edible mushrooms collected in particular regions of Poland during the last 20 years. The studied mushroom species were Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius deliciosus, Leccinum aurantiacum, Suillus luteus and Xerocomus badius. The highest and the lowest concentrations of the elements in tested mushroom species were 11 – 410, 34 – 337, 16785 – 34600, 140 – 607, 12 – 75 and 16 – 143 mg kg^?1d.m., respectively. The highest average concentrations of Al, Mg and Mn were observed in Suillus luteus fruiting bodies, while for Ba, Ca, K and Na it was in Lactarius deliciosus. BCF >1 was found for K and Mg in all tested mushroom species and additionally for the highest Ca and Na concentrations of all tested mushroom species except for C. cibarius and S. luteus, respectively. For the other tested elements (Al, Ba, Fe and Mn) BCF values < 1 were recorded.     

Human use and conservation planning in Alpine areas of Northwestern Yunnan,China

Alpine areas in northwestern Yunnan, China possess globally significant levels of biodiversity and are important locally for livelihood activities such as livestock grazing and medicinal plant collection. Because local land use has important impacts on alpine conditions and communities have significant capacity to manage alpine resources, we emphasized local collaboration during the initial stages of conservation planning. Our collaboration with local communities investigated how livelihood strategies affect the condition of alpine resources in northwestern Yunnan and how future conservation efforts can be compatible with local livelihoods. We sampled three livestock herding sites, each within a different alpine sub-region, using open-ended interviews and maximum variation sampling. According to interviewees, livestock grazing within the alpine zone currently does not appear to be negatively impacting the availability of forage. Medicinal plant collection, however, is showing unsustainable trends. Tourism is as yet a nascent industry, but is seen as having great potential by those interviewed. It is clear that with increases in population, access to regional markets, and tourism, northwestern Yunnan’s rich alpine resources will require careful management. In addition to the data collected, we found that the methodology used may be widely applicable to organizations with limited resources that wish to engage local communities during the formative stages of regional-level conservation planning.     

Edge-Related Variation in Medicinal and Other "Useful" Wild Plants of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Abstract:  Harvesting of wild plants for nontimber uses is widespread in the tropics, but its impact is usually quantified only for one or a few species at a time. Thus, forest managers are never clear about how well their efforts are protecting such plants. We quantified abundance and edge-related variation in 91 species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by communities around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, to evaluate the effect of their harvest. Forty percent of these species were harvested exclusively for medicines, 22% for weaving, and 24% for other uses. Fourteen percent were harvested for combinations of uses. Plants were surveyed around the entire periphery of the park transects that extended out 1 km into the forest interior from the edge. Analyses of edge and interior distribution were controlled for effects of topography. Individually, nine (10%) species were very rare, occurring in <0.5% of the plots searched. Of the remaining 82 species, most (50%) decreased significantly away from the park boundary, whereas 4.9% increased and 45.1% showed no pronounced edge-related distributions. Rarer species were no more likely to be less abundant near the edge than commoner species. These results suggest that most plants used for nontimber purposes in BINP are not currently being harvested unsustainably. In this respect many of the species of useful wild plants we examined resembled animals commonly hunted in tropical forests for bushmeat because they increased in abundance in disturbed habitat. Conservation action should initially aim to understand what influences distributions of very rare species. Edge-based assessments of distributions may be valuable for revealing harvest impact on species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by people living around forest islands in the tropics.     

Chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from artificially contaminated soil by mushroom (Coprinus comatus)

This study investigated the potential use of chelator-induced bioextraction of heavy metals from soil by Coprinus comatus in a pot experiment. Two production waves of the mushroom were obtained to determine biomass and metal concentration. The application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetate (NTA) slightly inhibited the growth of C. comatus, but significantly enhanced the accumulation of heavy metals in fruiting bodies compared with the control. The highest concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd reached 900.60, 783.61 and 23.64 mg·kg^?1 in a single pot, respectively. However, application of citric acid (CA) had no effect on metal uptake. Moreover, chelators applied to soil after fructification increased the dry biomass and metal concentration in fruiting bodies compared with those applied before sowing mycelia. EDTA was more efficient for inducing metal uptake by C. comatus than NTA or CA, and split applications of EDTA after fructification resulted in the highest total metal uptake by mushroom, i.e. 19.08±2.84, 17.57±0.69 and 0.55±0.06 mg for Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively, which were 130, 12 and 5 times values obtained with the control. Interestingly, many mushrooms turned blue after soil had been treated with chelator, indicating that these mushrooms are rich in Cu.     

湖南省资源结构及其产业对策

资源是区域经济发展的基础，资源结构是区域产业结构赖以形成的重要条件。区域产业是经济发展的载体，它不仅支持着区域的增长，而且在很大程度上决策着经济增长的能力与潜力。据此，在分析湖南省资源及产业结构优化标准的基础上，提出了充分与合理利用资源的产业对策建议。     

中药渣与城市污泥好氧共堆肥的效能

以中药渣与城市污泥为原料进行共堆肥实验,考察了不同物料质量配比与中药渣不同时间投加条件下,堆体在堆肥过程中温度、有机质、挥发氨、蛋白酶活性等理化指标的变化情况,确定了最佳的物料质量配比与中药渣投加时间;同时探讨了中药渣投加对堆肥过程中溶解性有机质(DOM)及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,中药渣作为外加碳源投加后(60 g中药渣+300 g污泥),提高了堆体的温度,减少了氨的挥发,且提高了堆体中蛋白酶的活性,氨的挥发量减少了35.9%,蛋白酶的含量提高了80.5%.同时中药渣可作为调理剂,在堆肥前期投加,促进了有机质的降解,从而加快了堆肥的进程.而通过对DOM的紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征分析表明,投加中药渣有利于提高堆肥的腐殖化程度;同时通过磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析可以发现,投加中药渣后使得堆体中革兰氏阴性菌与真菌的数量有所提高.