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121.
Jacob A. Macholl Katherine A. Clancy Paul M. McGinley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2011,47(1):114-125
Macholl, Jacob A., Katherine A. Clancy, and Paul M. McGinley, 2011. Using a GIS Model to Identify Internally Drained Areas and Runoff Contribution in a Glaciated Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):114‐125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00495.x Abstract: Glaciated watersheds are not easily delineated using geographic information systems’ elevation‐based algorithms, especially where stream networks are disconnected and there are large regions of internally drained areas. This paper presents the results of an analysis using the Potential Contributing Source Area (PCSA) model to identify potential contributing areas, defined as areas from which runoff is physically capable of reaching a drainage network. The investigation was conducted to define the potential contributing areas in a glaciated region of northwest Wisconsin. The curve number (CN) method was used to predict runoff volumes in the watershed. The streamflows of four tributaries were measured and the runoff portion of the hydrograph quantified to be compared with runoff estimates calculated using the potential contributing areas and the traditional catchment area. Runoff producing events occurred, but the use of area‐weighted CN values was unsuccessful in modeling runoff due to all precipitation depths during the study period falling below the initial abstraction. A distributed CN approach provided runoff estimates that were generally better using the potential contributing areas compared with using the traditional catchment area. The extent of the minimum contributing area, estimated for a range of precipitation events, was found to be substantially less than the potential contributing areas, suggesting that the PCSA model delimits the maximum boundary of potential contributing areas. 相似文献
122.
目的 针对振打机构关键部件摆臂,开展疲劳寿命及关键参数影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据,校核摆臂设计是否满足使用要求。方法 基于S-N曲线进行振打机构摆臂的寿命仿真,开展动力学仿真与应力仿真,获得不同温度下摆臂最低寿命与管壁壁厚的关系。通过对关键寿命影响参数进行影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据。结果 当摆臂壁厚大于1.77mm时,摆臂的平均寿命大于144万次,满足产品设计要求。疲劳寿命与弹性模量E负相关,与抗拉强度和表面加工系数正相关。可靠度R取0.8时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为29 005次;可靠度R取0.9时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为11 891次。结论 振打机构摆臂壁厚需大于1.77 mm,摆臂表面质量系数大于0.827 3,材质抗拉强度大于907.76 MPa,弹性模量E小于2.041×10^(5)MPa。 相似文献
123.
以四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)为研究对象,采用平行平板流动腔装置,基于计算机视觉的藻细胞动态生长观察方法,从单细胞尺度研究不同光照强度对四尾栅藻藻细胞生长的影响.成功建立了四尾栅藻个体生长曲线模型,模型拟合效果良好.结果表明:在8000lux光照强度下,藻细胞的体积最大比生长速率最大,即四尾栅藻生长的最适光照强度为8000lux;适宜的光照条件可以增加藻细胞分裂时的大小,小于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂体积随着光照强度的增加而增加,大于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂时体积反而越来越小;较高的光照强度还有利于藻细胞适应新的环境,减少藻细胞复苏时间. 相似文献
124.
The spread of invasive species is a major ecological and economic problem. Dynamic spread modelling is a potentially valuable tool to assist regional and central government authorities to monitor and control invasive species. To date a lack of suitable data has meant that most broad scale dispersal models have not been validated with independent datasets, and so their predictive ability and reliability has remained unscrutinised. A dynamic, stochastic dispersal model of the widely invasive plant Buddleja davidii was calibrated on European spread data and then used to project the temporal progression of B. davidii's distribution in New Zealand, starting from several different historical distributions. To assess the model's performance, we constructed an occupancy map based on the average number of simulation realisations that have a population present. The application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to occupancy maps is introduced, but with specificity substituted by the proportion of available area used in a realisation. A derivative measure, the partial area under these curves when assessed through time (pAUC), is introduced and used to assess overall performance of the spread model. The model was able to attain a high level of model sensitivity, encompassing all of the known locations within the occupancy envelope. However, attempting to simulate the spread of this invasive species beyond a decade had very low model specificity. This is due to several factors, including the exponential process of spread (the further a population spreads the more sites exist from which it can spread stochastically), and the Markovian chain property of the stochastic system whereby differences between realisations compound through time. These features are seen in many reports of spread models, without being explicitly acknowledged. Our measure of pAUC through time allows a model's temporal performance and its specificity to be simultaneously assessed. While the rapid deterioration in model performance limits the utility of this type of modelling for forecasting long-term broad-scale strategic management of biological invasions, it does not necessarily limit its attractiveness for informing smaller scale and shorter term invasion management activities such as surveillance, containment and local eradication. 相似文献
125.
126.
针对现有行业规范中的排烟口结构参数尚不明确的问题,依托过海瓦贵区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统。设定11种排烟口面积工况,结合实验与数值模拟,得到排烟口上、下游的静压值和风速。引入动能修正系数,推导出基于上下游能量差的排烟口局部阻力表达式,绘制出无量纲面积比与局部阻力系数曲线族。研究结果表明:排烟口长宽比值较大时,不利于排烟口下方风流流动;在同一风机组合工况下,当排烟口面积缩小时,局部阻力系数会呈现出先减后增的趋势;提出排烟口最优结构长宽比为1.06。研究结果可为相关规范制定提供参考,并为防灾救灾提供理论支持。 相似文献
127.
The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields. 相似文献
128.
Lawrence A. J. Fennessey Arthur C. Miller James M. Hamlett 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(4):899-912
ABSTRACT: In the last 30 years, the National Resource Conservation Service's TR‐55 and TR‐20 models have seen a dramatic increase in use for stormwater management purposes. This paper reviews some of the data that were originally used to develop these models and tests how well the models estimate annual series peak runoff rates for the same watersheds using longer historical data record lengths. The paper also explores differences between TR‐55 and TR‐20 peak runoff rate estimates and time of concentration methods. It was found that of the 37 watersheds tested, 25 were either over‐ or under‐predicting the actual historical watershed runoff rates by more than 30 percent. The results of this study indicate that these NRCS models should not be used to model small wooded watersheds less than 20 acres. This would be especially true if the watershed consisted of an area without a clearly defined outlet channel. This study also supports the need for regulators to allow educated hydrologists to alter pre‐packaged model parameters or results more easily than is currently permitted. 相似文献
129.
PCDDs/DF and Co-PCB (dioxin) formations were studied with ash from a newly developed gasification and melting process for
municipal solid waste. Ash samples were heated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Emphasis was placed on the effects
of the type and composition of ash, temperatures, gas residence time, and gaseous organic precursors. Investigations using
macroscopic and homologue distribution analyses led to the following conclusion. The ash from the gasification–melting process
had the ability to generate dioxins in flue gas. A possible carbon source is unburned carbon in the ash samples, although
this was very low (less than 0.01%). An experimental result that the level of dioxins generated from preheated fly ash obtained
from a conventional incinerator was much lower than that from nonheated fly ash supported this conclusion. Dioxin concentrations
obviously showed temperature dependence and peaked at 350°C. Dioxins formed in a gasification–melting process ash were readily
desorbed from the surface, probably because of the low carbon content of the ash. There was no experimental evidence that
gaseous organic precursors fed to the reactor generated dioxins. Therefore, an organic precursor was not essential for the
formation of dioxins. A good linear relationship obtained between PCDDs/DFs and gas residence time also supported the assumption.
Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000 相似文献
130.
进行了微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验与中小型、小型传统穿透实验方法的对照实验,结果表明,MCRB实验适用于模拟大型活性炭床的穿透情况,预测处理费用以及精选活性炭.MCRB实验加快了实验速度,避免了传统穿透实验中常见的问题.空床接触时间(EBCT)、活性炭粒径对MCRB实验有一定影响.使用粒径120~180目的活性炭,MCRB实验的压力一般小于3.03×105Pa.MCRB实验对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)模拟废水的吸附处理获得合理的研究结果. 相似文献