小麦根际土壤汞的分布和形态变化

采用根际箱试验和连续化学萃取法,结合氢化物原子吸收光谱法,研究了非根际和根际土壤汞形态分布特征及小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长期土壤汞形态变化.结果表明.非根际汞形态分布顺序为:残渣态>强有机质结合态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化物结合态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态>交换态,根际汞形态分布为:残渣态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化态>强有机质结合态>交换态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态.当外源汞进入土壤后,在小麦生长60 d内,植物吸收使残渣态汞和水溶态汞含量明显降低,交换态汞和碳酸盐铁锰氧化态汞含量增加.土壤汞污染程度越大,在小麦中积累的汞就越多.其生物毒性增强,环境危害加大.     

第二松花江下游居民发汞水平及影响因素分析

20世纪60年代第二松花江汞污染十分严重.为了解第二松花江流域的环境现状,在第二松花江下游的五家站镇收集了250名居民的头发样品,用冷蒸气原子吸收法测定头发样品中的总汞含量.头发样品中w(总汞)为0.110～116.634 mg/kg,平均为2.205 mg/kg.在250份样品中,有77人头发中总汞(简称发汞)含量超过了美国环境保护局制定的1mg/kg的限值,占总人数的30.8%,说明在第二松花江下游地区仍有人群发生汞中毒的风险.在影响发汞含量的因素中,发汞含量与性别、年龄、身高、体重没有相关关系;经常吃鱼人群的发汞含量大于不常吃鱼人群;吸烟、饮酒、染发人群的发汞含量分别高于不吸烟、不饮酒、未染发人群.      

漫反射光谱法测定环境样品中的微量汞

基于Hg^2＋与KI-CuSO4反应生成橙红色Cu2HgI4,用漫反射光谱直接测定汞沉淀物.探讨了该方法的影响因素及测定条件.方法的线性范围0.1-6.0μg,检测限为0.01μg,用于污水及土壤样品中微量汞的测定回收率达96%-102%.     

汞在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的分布

采用DFG 1型五段分级采样装置及冷蒸汽原子荧光法 ,对北京市冬、春、夏和秋季不同粒径大气颗粒物 (分别为≤ 1 1μm ,1 1— 2 0 μm ,2 0— 3 3μm ,3 3— 7 0 μm和≥ 7 0 μm )中的汞进行分析 .结果表明 :北京大气颗粒物中汞的浓度在 0 6 0— 3 95ng·m-3 之间 ,冬季平均浓度为 2 85ng·m-3 ,远大于其它季节 ;大气颗粒物中的汞呈双峰分布 ,在≤ 1 1μm的细颗粒和粗粒径处各有一峰值 ;北京大气颗粒物中的汞主要分布在≤ 1 1μm的细颗粒中 ,不同粒径颗粒物中汞的分布随季节变化而变化 ,冬季各粒径颗粒物中汞的浓度比其它季节高 ;大气颗粒物中汞的质量中值粒径 (MMD )冬季为 0 71μm ,其它季节均大于1 0 μm ;北京大气颗粒物中的汞至少有 5 0 %可进入人体呼吸系统 ,且冬季最为严重     

大型垃圾焚烧厂周边环境汞影响的初步调查

对上海浦东生活垃圾焚烧厂运行2年来对周边环境的汞影响的初步调查结果显示:垃圾焚烧厂周边环境的土壤背景值偏高,平均为125.9ng/g;运行1a后和2a后的平均值分别为139.9ng/g和137.7ng/g,其中处于下风口的偏西面受影响较大;当地种植的大部分蔬菜叶子的汞含量超过国家卫生标准(GB2762-94),2003年的大豆和高梁果实中汞含量分别是2002年的2.3和2.7倍.垃圾焚烧厂上风口、厂区内和下风口处大气汞浓度分别为5.1ng/m³、5.0ng/m³和10.6ng/m³.     

中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立

建立中国分省燃煤汞排放清单,对于研究汞的大气化学转化、迁移和沉降,制定中国汞污染控制对策具有重要意义.本研究按经济部门、燃料类型、燃烧方式和污染控制技术将排放源划分为65种不同类型,根据各类型的煤炭消费量、燃料汞含量和汞排放因子计算汞排放量,最终建立了分省燃煤汞排放清单.用2组原煤汞含量数据资料计算的2000年中国燃煤大气汞排放量分别为161.6 t和219.5 t,其中绝大部分汞排放来自工业、电力和生活消费,分别占46%、35%和14%.Hg⁰、Hg²⁺和Hg_p在中国燃煤大气汞排放中所占的比例分别为16%、61%和23%.中国燃煤汞排放在各地区间有较大差异,排放量较大的省份有河南、山西、河北、辽宁和江苏,均超过10t/a.     

三江平原典型湿地植物枯落物中汞的变异特征

在野外进行现场实验 ,研究了 2种典型湿地植物枯落物经一个生长季的分解后汞的变化 ,并探讨了其影响因素 .在实验的 3 0d后 ,2种湿地大部分层次植物枯落物汞的浓度表现为先升高 ,随后降低 ,最后又明显升高 .枯落物分解程度影响着汞浓度的变化 .前 90d枯落物质量减少快 ,且汞的浓度降低 ,枯落物中的汞以损失为主 ,后期因植物残体吸附汞的能力增强 ,汞损失减少 .汞的损失率和水中溶解性汞的浓度呈显著负相关关系 .在 2 0cm和 3 0cm深度上 ,枯落物汞的损失率与积水深度和地温都具有显著相关关系 (P <0 0 5 ) .微环境的差异尤其是积水的变化对小叶章各层汞的损失的影响大于毛果苔草     

贵州汞矿矿区不同位置土壤中总汞和甲基汞污染特征的研究

为了深入理解汞矿矿区土壤中总汞和甲基汞的污染特征,应用AAS、GC-CVAFS方法,分别对贵州万山、务川和滥木厂汞矿矿区不同位置土壤以及对照区土壤中的总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)进行了测定.结果表明,万山汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为1.1～790 mg·kg^-1和0.19～15μg·kg^-1,务川汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.33～317mg·kg^-1和0.41～20μg·kg^-1,滥木厂汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.41～610 mg·kg^-1和0.70～8.8μg·kg^-1.对照区土壤汞含量明显低于矿区土壤,其THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.14～1.2 mg·kg^-1和0.09～0.23μg·kg^-1;对照区土壤THg含量接近或稍高于全球背景土壤THg含量0.01～0.5 mg·kg^-1.研究表明,汞矿区稻田土壤具有较强的汞甲基化能力,其MeHg含量明显高于菜地和旱田土壤;万山汞矿区土壤汞污染程度明显高于滥木厂和务川汞矿区土壤汞污染.     

Trace Element Concentrations and Bioindicator Responses in Tree Swallows from Northwestern Minnesota

Extremely high concentrations of cadmium (3.5 μg/g dry wgt.) and elevated concentrations of chromium (>10 μg/g dry wgt.) and mercury (1.6 μg/g dry wgt.) were reported in waterbird tissues at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Minnesota in 1994. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were studied during 1998–2001 at three drainages into the Refuge, two pools on the Refuge, and at a nearby reference location to document whether high levels of contaminants were still present, and if so to quantify the source and severity of the contamination. Trace elements were measured in tree swallow eggs, livers, and diet. Reproductive success and bioindicator responses were monitored. In 2000, water was drawn down on Agassiz Pool, one of the main pools on the Refuge. This presented an opportunity to evaluate the response of trace element concentrations in the diet and tissues of tree swallows after reflooding. High concentrations of trace elements were not detected in swallow tissues, nor were there differences among locations. Less than 20% of swallow samples had detectable concentrations of cadmium or chromium. Mercury concentrations were low and averaged <0.25 μg/g dry wgt. in swallow tissues. Trace elements, including mercury, did not increase in tree swallows following the 2000 drawdown at Agassiz Pool. Hatching success and survival of nestlings to 12 days-of-age for tree swallows on the Refuge were similar to the national average and consistent with background trace element concentrations. Bioindicator measurements were within the normal ranges as well.     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.