应用多变量脸谱图进行河流与湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染状况的综合对比研究

依据沉积学原理和水体沉积物重金属的环境地球化学特征,将地积累指数与改进的多变量Chernoff脸谱图相结合,选择江西德兴铜矿附近的乐安江表层沉积物以及德国西南部Mannheim和Worms周围若干湖泊的表层沉积物作为研究对象,开展不同地域、不同类型水体沉积物中重金属积累的对比分析和污染状况的综合性定量评价.多变量脸谱图能清晰地反映出两区域沉积物中重金属的污染特征和空间分布模式.     

氧化铈在非贵金属燃烧催化剂中热稳定性的研究

本文考察了Ｃｅ含量对提高催化剂的热稳定性的作用，并采用Ｘ－射线衍射分析Ｃｅ含量对催化剂活性组成的影响。结果表明，合适的Ｃｅ含量能够提高催化剂的热稳定性，这主要是氧化铈能够阻止ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相的生成，而ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４的生成对本系列催化剂的燃烧活性是不利的。实验还表明，在空气气氛下有利于形成ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相，在Ｎ２／Ｈ２Ｏ气氛中不利于ＮｉＣｏ２Ｏ４相的生成。     

土壤中金属阳离子对Cl-离子吸附的诱导效应

使用三种可变电荷土壤和一种恒电荷土壤 ,研究电解质溶液中金属阳离子对Cl-离子吸附的影响 .结果表明 ,在可变电荷土壤中 ,金属阳离子对Cl- 离子的吸附有明显的诱导效应 ,影响大小次序为 :AlCl3>CuCl2 >KCl>NaCl.而在恒电荷土壤中影响不大     

不同土壤重金属复合污染的有效态离子冲量表征

选择红壤、黄棕壤和潮土为对象，依据中国土壤环境质量二级和三级标准确定土壤重金属铜、锌、镉的污染浓度，通过生物盆裁试验研究在重金属Cu、Zn、Cd复合污染条件下牧草（黑麦草、紫花苜蓿）体内重金属含量和土壤中重金属有效态含量的相关性，结果表明，在3种不同性质的污染土壤上，牧草体内重金属的离子冲量与其对应土壤中重金属有效态的离子冲量之间均存在明显的相关性。校正土壤pH、牧草品种等因素后，土壤有效态离子冲量可以有效表征不同土壤-牧草系统的重金属复合污染。     

有机磷酸HEDP稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的研究

研究了有机磷酸羟基亚乙基二膦酸（HEDP）对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定方法.通过对不同HEDP投加量处理后的飞灰试样作危险废物浸出毒性鉴别试验,分析HEDP最佳使用剂量,并评价了稳定化飞灰的长期稳定性.结果表明,HEDP最适使用剂量为0.03 Ml/g（以商品级HEDP与飞灰的体积质量比计）,处理后飞灰与原状飞灰相比,Pb、Zn和Hg的浸出浓度分别降低了98.3%、99.5%和85.0%.HEDP对飞灰中重金属稳定效果排序为：Pb＞Zn＞Hg＞Ni＞Cu＞Cd＞CrHAs.重金属pH相关浸出测试（pH-dependent leaching tests）表明：经0.03mL/g HEDP稳定处理的飞灰,在0.3 mol/L HNO3和0.3 mol/L NaOH的浸取条件下,其重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,显示具有良好的长期稳定性.     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理NO_X废气的研究

矿化垃圾(稳定化垃圾)是一种良好的生物介质,可作为生物反应床的填料处理NOX废气。实验室研究表明,稳定化垃圾反应床可有效地处理NOX气体,其硝化能力(以N计)可达0.83g/(kg·d)(干重)。NOX去除率受停留时间的影响显著,NOX去除率随着停留时间的缩短而降低。当空床停留时间为1.5min时,NOX气体的平均去除率为76.7%;空床停留时间为15min时,NOX气体的平均去除率为91.0%。在NOX进气负荷低于110mmol/(m3·h)时,NOX消除能力随进气负荷的增加而线性增加。当进气流量一定时,NOX去除能力随着进气NOX浓度的增加而线性增加。     

Natural pollution caused by the extremely acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia

Background. Aims and Scope Lakes developing in volcano craters can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases, yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia) has a pH 〈 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acid and metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed. Methods Water samples were taken at different sites along the river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals (using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared to local and international standards. Results and Discussion The river carries a very high load of SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period of 1980 – 2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely high, especially iron (up to 1600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to 3000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely acid water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9 compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water. Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the use of Al containing acid irrigation water. Increased levels of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering local residents” diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk for the human health. Fluoride exposure is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental fluorosis. Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook In short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a serious threat to the environment as well as human health and agricultural production.     

腐殖酸树脂处理含Pb^2＋、CU^2＋、Ni^2＋废水的研究

利用泥炭为原料制备腐殖酸树脂.在动态条件下,研究了腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的吸附效果及吸附条件.同时探讨了腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的吸附与解吸再生机理,吸附机理研究表明,腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的主要吸附形式为离子交换吸附和络合吸附.结果表明,在废水pH值为5.0～7.0,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋浓度分别为50 mg/L,经腐殖酸树脂处理,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋去除率可达98%以上,且处理后废水近中性.含Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋电镀废水经腐殖酸树脂处理后,废水中Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋含量显著低于国家排放标准.     

Simultaneous sorption of lead and chlorobenzene by organobentonite

Clays or organoclays have been used as a barrier to prevent the transport of hazardous contaminants in landfills. However, clays are known to effectively sorb mostly inorganic contaminants, while organoclays are mainly used for organic contaminants. Since the organoclays are basically clay particles modified with cationic surfactants, there might exist an optimal coverage of cationic surfactant on the clay particles to sorb both inorganic and organic contaminants. In order to determine the optimal mass of cationic surfactants on the bentonites, sodium bentonites were treated with various ratios of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) to bentonites. Chlorobenzene and lead were selected as representative contaminants. When either chlorobenzene or lead exists as a single contaminant, chlorobenzene sorption increased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios, and lead sorption decreased with increasing HDTMA to bentonite ratios. Sorption of chlorobenzene was a function of HDTMA coverage on the bentonites, while lead sorption was much more influenced by the initial lead concentration rather than the mass of HDTMA added to the bentonites.     

Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.