深圳市城市绿地土壤中重金属的含量及化学形态分布

对深圳市中心区城市绿地表层土壤(0-20cm)中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量、化学形态分布和迁移性进行研究.结果表明,土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量分别为6.4-188.2(26.3)mg·kg-1,34.9-284.8(69.1)mg·kg-1,15.2-245.5(47.2)mg·kg-1和0.01-3.48(0.47)mg·kg-1.道路绿化带土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb的平均含量最高,在公园绿地土壤中Cd的平均含量最高.分别有75.6%,87.0%,98.8%和98.8%的土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的含量超过广东省赤红壤的背景值,重金属在土壤中呈现明显的富集特征.土壤中Cu,Zn和Cd以残渣态所占比例最高,Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态最高.随着土壤中Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量的增加其残渣态所占比例降低,铁锰氧化物结合态或交换态所占比例增加,重金属活性增大.土壤中Cd迁移能力最强,迁移能力依次为Cd>Zn>Pb和Cu.     

聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的薄膜扩散梯度技术对水中重金属的选择性测量

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)溶液为结合相,透析膜(CDM)为扩散相,使用改进的薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)装置(CDM-PAAS-DGT),研究其对水中重金属离子累积和测量的选择性.结果表明,队AS溶液的最佳使用浓度为0.0030 mol.1-1;PAAS能够选择性的定量累积和测量水中的Cu2+(回收率98.90%)和Cd2+(回收率103.3%);PAAS与Cu2+和Cd2+的条件配位稳定常数(lgK)分别为6.98和5.61;PAAS对Cu2+和Cd2+的累积容量分别为0.416μmol·ml-1和0.498umol·ml-1.     

Cu2+和Pb2+存在下改性玉米秸秆对Cd2+的吸附

以丙烯腈改性的玉米秸秆为吸附剂,对水体中的Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+进行吸附,用双组分竞争模型和LCA模型对实验结果进行拟合,结果表明:改性玉米秸秆对三种重金属离子的吸附能很好地符合Lang-muir方程,相关性(R2)分别为0.98,0.95和0.98,最大吸附容量分别为9.34,31.8和12.7mg·g-1;在Cu2+和Pb2+存在下,改性玉米秸秆对Cd2+的吸附受到明显的抑制,且随Cu2+和Pb2+浓度的增大抑制作用加强;在低浓度时,该吸附材料优先吸附顺序为:Cu2+＞Pb2+＞Cd2+,高浓度时为:Pb2+＞Cu2+＞Cd2+.     

厦门湾海域表层沉积物重金属和多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

研究了厦门湾海域表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cd,Hg和As和16种多环芳烃的分布、来源及潜在的生态风险.结果表明:(1)Cu,Pb和As平均含量均介于效应浓度区间低值(ERL)和效应浓度区间中值(ERM)之间,而大多数站位Zn,Cr,Cd和Hg平均含量则低于ERL值;(2)沉积物多环芳烃(PAHs)以石油或油料燃烧来源为主,PAHs的总量远低于ERL值(4000μg·kg~(-1));(3)重金属与低环PAHs相关性显著,易发生交互作用;(4)利用沉积物平均效应区间中值商法(mERM-Q)进行沉积物生态风险评价发现,筼笃湖表层沉积物对海洋底栖生物可能存在较强的生物毒性风险.     

Bayesian Small Area Models for Assessing Wildlife Conservation Risk in Patchy Populations

Abstract:  Species conservation risk assessments require accurate, probabilistic, and biologically meaningful maps of population distribution. In patchy populations, the reasons for discontinuities are not often well understood. We tested a novel approach to habitat modeling in which methods of small area estimation were used within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Amphibian occurrence was modeled with logistic regression that included third-order drainages as hierarchical effects to account for patchy populations. Models including the random drainage effects adequately represented species occurrences in patchy populations of 4 amphibian species in the Oregon Coast Range (U.S.A.). Amphibian surveys from other locations within the same drainage were used to calibrate local drainage-scale effects. Cross-validation showed that prediction errors for calibrated models were 77% to 86% lower than comparable regionally constructed models, depending on species. When calibration data were unavailable, small area and regional models performed similarly, although poorly. Small area estimation models complement wildlife ecology and habitat studies, and can help managers develop a regional picture of the conservation status for relatively rare species.     

微生物对沉积物主要化学组分吸附重金属能力的影响

通过松花江水中微生物与铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸形成的复合物质的比表面积及吸附Pb、Cd能力的分析,探讨微生物对沉积物中主要化学组分理化性质的影响及机理.结果表明:锰氧化物的比表面积大于铁氧化物和腐殖酸,与微生物结合后比表面积均不同程度增加. 固体物质的比表面积与吸附Pb和Cd的能力并不完全一致,与它们对重金属的吸附机制不同有关.复合物质的的吸附能力并不符合加和模型,微生物的存在掩盖了铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸表面部分官能团,造成了复合物质的吸附量小于各组分的吸附量之和.     

闽江河口芦苇潮汐湿地甲烷通量及主要影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地和入侵种互花米草斑块涨潮前、涨落潮过程及落潮后甲烷通量季节动态进行了原位测定,并利用室内培养-气相色谱仪法测定了芦苇湿地不同土层土壤甲烷产生潜力.结果表明,鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地全年均属于大气甲烷的排放源,排放通量具有明显的季节变化;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后甲烷通量大小并无一致的规律,平均排放通量分别为5.13、5.06和4.74 mg·m-2·h-1,差异不显著,其中涨落潮过程排放到潮水和大气环境的甲烷通量分别为2.98和2.08 mg·m-2·h-1.互花米草入侵斑块年均甲烷排放通量(11.02mg·m-2·h-1)明显高于芦苇湿地年均甲烷排放通量(4.98mg·m-2·h-1),互花米草入侵明显增加了闽江河口区湿地的甲烷排放通量.芦苇湿地0～40 cm土壤中甲烷产生潜力范围为0.029～0.123μg·g-1·d-1,0～5 cm土层的甲烷产生潜力最大,且与其它土层差异显著(P<0.05).气温、土壤温度和地上生物量对芦苇湿地甲烷排放影响显著(P<0.05),落潮后芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量与盐度有负相关关系.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing thetoxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

污泥干化过程中苯系物(BTEX)的释放及其致癌风险评价

在模拟污泥干化的条件下,研究了4种类型污水污泥苯系物(BTEX)的释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,在50-300℃的干化温度范围内,4种污泥的BTEX释放总置在4.20～161.90μg·m-3之间;在温度高于150℃之后,各类污泥中的BTEX释放量大幅增加;而低于150℃的情况下,污泥中BTEX的释放量仅占总BTEX释放量的5.09%.不同温度下污泥的BTEX释放量与其在污泥中的含量之间存在显著的线性关系.不同类型的污泥其所释放的BTEX组分之间具有较大的差别,污泥中BTEX的含量决定其所释放的数量,而其释放强度则取决于干化温度.对污泥释放BTEX进行健康风险评价表明,各类污泥在150～300℃下所释放的苯对暴露人员存在一定的致癌风险,其中女性相对于男性致癌风险更高.控制污泥干化温度可以最大限度地减少BTEX释放,进而降低致癌风险.